宪法意义上宽容理念的早期萌芽——建立在古希腊政治哲学史上的考察

在西方学界,早期的宽容理论一般被认为建立于古希腊的斯多葛学派,但这种见解乃是基于对斯多葛学派所发展的自然平等观念而言的,对于宪法意义上的宽容理念的挖掘并没有历史的逻辑性,因为有前现代的政治社会的存在。况且,这种观念还容易混淆心理学、伦理学、政治学和法学领域的宽容的内涵,而最为显著的则是容易忽略政体宽容问题。通过对宪法意义上宽容理念的古希腊政治哲学思想史的考察发现,宪法意义上的宽容理念早在古希腊政治城邦时期就已经萌芽,并见诸于对“最佳政体”的哲学沉思和对自由与平等的古典诠释之中,在历经希腊化时代对专制和不宽容的反思之后,通过斯多葛学派的自然平等原则建立起宽容的早期理论,为近代“宽容的天赋权利论”奠定了思想谱系学的基础。     

建国初期毛泽东人民政协思想的伟大意义

中国人民政治协商会议是中国共产党领导的统一战线组织.毛泽东不仅亲自组织、领导建立了人民政协,而且在长期领导和指导政协工作的过程中,科学地阐明了人民政协的性质、确立了人民政协的基本职能、培育了人民政协的优良作风.     

High‐frequency family contact: a road to nowhere for infants

Understanding the practices which support the best interests of infants when placed in out‐of‐home care in the first year of life is a significant challenge. A study based in Victoria, Australia, explored the practice by the Children's Court of ordering high‐frequency contact (4–7 days a week) with the infant's mother and father when they are placed in care in the first year of life. A literature review revealed little attention to the issue of frequency of family contact for infants. An audit of case files of all infants in care in mid‐2007 showed that at 1 year follow‐up, there was no difference in the reunification rate for children with a period of high‐frequency contact and those with less contact with their mothers and fathers. Focus groups revealed deep divisions of opinion about high‐frequency family contact which are played out in the adversarial Children's Court system in Victoria. The study highlights the complexity of understanding and supporting the attachment relationships at this critical period in the infant's life.     

The Development of Peer Interaction in Infancy: Exploring the Dyadic Processes

Peer interaction is an important component of children's social repertoires that is associated with a variety of developmental outcomes and life skills. The present study provides an in‐depth study of early dyadic peer behaviors during the infancy period, during which social competence with peers is first being developed. Results from variable‐centered analyses highlight the effectiveness of behaviors, such as offering objects to peers, and point to the importance of the social context set by a peer's prior social behavior and processes for eliciting peer responses. Findings from person‐centered analyses reveal marked individual differences in the processes through which infants are successful in eliciting responses from their peers, illustrating the presence of multiple pathways to achieving social competence with peers.     

Kakar's Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Indian Childhood: The Need to Emphasize the Father and Multiple Caregivers in The Socialization Equation

Kakar's psychoanalytic analysis of the role of the father in the East Indian child's socioemotional development during the early childhood period is examined. Furthermore, maternal employment and multiple caregiving are considered in broad terms. Using findings from observational studies of parent-infant interactions and care in diverse cultures around the world as a barometer, it is argued that fathers are more centrally involved in the Indian child's life than has been previously acknowledged. It is proposed that the Indian mother remains the primary caregiver with other socialization agents assuming complementary but nonequivalent roles in the Indian child's social development. Future discussions of Indian childhood development could further delineate the role of the father and multiple caregivers in the socialization process.     

Children’s Learning Mother Tongue Versus Foreign Language Teaching

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The Effect of Infancy Childcare Center Use and Maternal Employment on Toddlers’ Language Development in South Korea

Using first to fourth wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC), this study explores the effects of childcare center use, maternal employment, and other child and familial characteristics on the language development of toddlers in Korea. Among the 2078 families with children in the PSKC, those who completed the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test at the fourth wave were selected, and a small number of disabled or prematurely born children were excluded. In addition, to clarify the effects of maternal employment, families with mothers who were either employed or unemployed for three consecutive years during the child's infancy were selected. Regression analysis showed that neither childcare center use nor maternal employment during infancy had significant effects on toddlers’ expressive and receptive vocabulary at the fourth wave. Family characteristics, such as household poverty and maternal education level, as well as child characteristics, such as gender and birth order, had significant effects on expressed vocabulary. However, only children's gender significantly affected the receptive vocabulary level of toddlers.     

Observed Infant Reactions During Live Interparental Conflict

Associations between interparental conflict and infant reactions were examined. Infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict and infant reactive temperament were examined as moderators. A community sample of 74 infants, aged 6–14 months, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents' marital conflict and their infants' reactions. Parents reported on their emotional states during conflict, infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict, and infant temperament. Multilevel modeling indicated that infants showed differential responses to marital conflict; destructive and depressive conflict were associated with increased infant discussion attending and negative reactions, whereas constructive conflict was associated with decreased discussion attending and negative reactions. Infants' history of exposure to marital conflict and infant reactive temperament emerged as moderators.     

Fathers' Early Emotion Talk: Associations With Income,Ethnicity, and Family Factors

Contextual, mother‐, child‐, and father‐level variables were examined in association with fathers' emotion talk to infants during a shared picture book activity, in an ethnically diverse, low‐income sample (N = 549). Significant main effects included the rate of emotion talk from fathers' romantic partners (i.e., the infant's mother), infant attention and distress, and sensitive parenting. Significant interactions were also found. Higher income African American fathers referred to negative emotions more than non‐African American higher income fathers. In addition, African American fathers who demonstrated more negative and intrusive parenting referred to positive emotions more than non‐African American fathers who demonstrated negative and intrusive parenting. Our findings support family systems theory and, specifically, the interdependence of individuals' behaviors within the family unit. Interaction effects are discussed with respect to cultural variation in beliefs about parenting behaviors and the cultural experience of African Americans, including the Black cultural experience and the minority experience.     

Early feeding problems: identification by parents and health care personnel

This study investigated the discrepancy between parental reports indicating a high prevalence of feeding problems during infancy and the relatively low identification rate of such cases at child health care centers. Thirty nurses were interviewed about definitions, prevalence, causes, and interventions for such problems. Thereafter, they were retrospectively asked about presence of feeding problems in 30 infants, for whom parents had reported existence of feeding problems, and in 30 control infants. A group ( n =22) based on parent-nurse agreement about the existence of a problem was compared with a group ( n = 8) identified as problematic by parents only and with the control group. The parent-nurse agreement group stood out as more burdened: infant growth was affected, there had been feeding history problems (breastfeeding, weaning and protracted meals) and the level of parental concern was higher. More infant respiratory infections were reported, and more medication had been prescribed for this group. Although nurses seemed to rely to a great extent on parental reports in identifying feeding problems, the present results suggested that the parent-nurse discrepancy in identification rate may occur due to nurses' weighting of parental complaints with other factors such as the child's general condition and the family social situation.