历史考察·中西比较·他者智慧——论赛珍珠的中国小说研究的对话性

赛珍珠在创作中国题材小说的同时,长期阅读西方小说,同时博览中国作品,特别是小说,最后走上了研究、宣传和翻译中国小说的道路,发表多篇中国小说论,包括诺奖受奖演说《中国小说》。她的研究跨越中西文化,将中国小说置于中国文化语境之中进行历史考察,同时带有自然而强烈的比较意识和对话性,并倡导、也体现出一个跨文化对话者所应具备的他者智慧。研究赛珍珠所做的中国小说研究的特征以及其中存在的局限,对于当下的赛珍珠研究、中西小说比较以及跨文化对话的深入展开,对于国际比较文学第三阶段的理论与实践均具有较大的学术价值和启示作用。     

湖南安仁话的“得”字与“得”字句

安仁话中的“得”字可以作动词、介词、助（动）词。安仁话的“得”字双宾语、兼语句以及被动句都很有特点,与普通话对应用法有差异。安仁话“得”字用法为双向动词提供了方言例证,也进一步验证了给予动词的虚化轨迹。     

我国老年人口的价值观初探

老年人的价值体现是指社会对老年人的尊重，对老年人价值的承认及对其生活、工作等提供的条件。老年人参与社会发展十分必要。我国老人参与社会发展的途径是多元的，其中市镇低龄老年白领人口从事第三产业比重很大。     

In the name of Ossian: Celtic Galicia and the ‘brothers from the north’

ABSTRACT

The modern Celtic myth is a complex framework because of its variety of constituent elements. In essence, it consists of an empathetic celebration of otherness, based on a timeless narrative and restorative nostalgia, but including nationalist and capitalist-market interests. Since the first edition of the Ossianic poems by James Macpherson in 1760, Celticness has firmly settled within a collective imagination in search of alternative aesthetic, political, and even spiritual values. It has been exploited in different geocultural spaces and articulated in propaganda strategies, to found ethnic consciousness and fill the gaps of history. In addition to other Celtic areas of Europe, Galicia (NW Spain) has a long Celtophile tradition, with relevant intellectual support, ritual symbologies, and media productions. This article focuses on Galician Celtic-based history, icons, events, phenomena like the Real Banda of bagpipes, the Interceltic Festival of Ortigueira, and the renewed archaeological attempt to locate Galician ancestry within Iron Age Celts. Celticness has been the main identity locus in the construction of Galicia as a nation, shaping a specific social awareness and even invoking racial arguments. Comparison is established with Scotland, Brittany and Ireland (the ‘brothers from the north’) in their respective perception and treatment of modern Celticness.     

现代中国文学研究“去政治化”管窥

20世纪80年代通过＂拨乱反正＂的除弊祛邪,将现代中国文学研究从极左政治化模式中拯救出来。然而,这种＂去政治化＂在带来正能量的同时,亦产生了值得关注的负效应,这主要体现在：文学史书写淡化或舍弃政治背景,或不写少写文学思想论争,或贬抑左翼文学与革命文学,或冷落现代文学的宏大叙事,或过分抬高与大时代无关或疏离主流政治的作家作品等。为纠正此偏颇,必须辩证地认识现代中国文学与各种政治形态的双层关系,即宏观上窥察政治生态或政治背景与现代中国多元文学系统形成和演变的因果关系,微观上透析不同政治意识与不同样态审美文本构成的深微关系。     

鲁迅小说描写人物外在特征的传统性与创造性

鲁迅小说描写人物外在特征的传统性主要表现在采用传统的白描手法及去粉饰的净化修辞方面。它既与中国传统小说有一致性,同时又有自己个性化的魅力。鲁迅描写人物外在特征的创造性主要表现为：从对人物外在特征“不变”及“静态”的描写,转向对人物外在特征“变化”及“动态”的描写 从对人物眼睛“形”的描写,转向对人物眼睛“神”的刻画。在描写人物外在特征“变化”的过程中,鲁迅小说还分别采用了“对比”、“同时性勾勒”及“追溯性”三种不同的方式,不仅有效地描写出人物外在特征的变化,而且更深化了对人物外在特征的描写。     

Distribution of Increases in Residual Log Likelihood for Nested Spatial Models

Here we review nested relationships between models in the Matérn family of spatial models. The problem of comparing nested statistical models is straightforward in regular parametric problems via the likelihood ratio statistics and its asymptotic distribution. Here we examine the distribution of increments in residual log likelihood between nested spatial models when the null hypothesis is that the spatial structure is a convex combination of white noise and the de Wijs process, also known by its logarithmic covariance function. This study is carried out by simulation of spatial processes and the important aspects of this work include how to simulate a spatial process of order 0, the lack of strong bias in the estimates of variance components, and the validity of the usual asymptotic results for nested spatial models examined here.     

Lessons from China on different approaches to pension coverage extension

Achieving universal pension coverage is both an aspiration and a challenge for many developing economies. Traditional contributory schemes are less effective in extending pension coverage to workers who are not in the formal sectors of the economy. As an alternative, non‐contributory schemes have gained popularity in recent years. China’s pension reforms mirror this global trend. The introduction of a contribution‐based pension scheme for urban employees (Employees’ Pension) was followed by a scheme for rural and urban residents (Residents’ Pension), which is partly government financed and partly contributory, with multiple options for premium payment. This study uses nationally representative survey data collected in 2016 to compare the inclusiveness of the two schemes. It finds that access to the Residents’ Pension scheme is more equal than the Employees’ Pension. Lower status workers in terms of education, employment, income and hukou‐migration are more likely to participate in the Residents’ Pension as opposed to the Employees’ Pension, compared with higher status workers. The Chinese experience suggests that a workable solution for pension extension in low‐ and middle‐income countries is to have a scheme that is flexible, affordable and responsive to the diverse needs of the population.     

Managing “forced” technology transfer in emerging markets: The case of China

This paper explores how foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) manage risks associated with “forced” technology transfer (“FTT”) policies in emerging markets. Although MNCs are increasingly exposed to appropriability risks from these policies, how they respond is relatively understudied in international business (IB) research. We explore this topic based upon a survey and interviews with Western MNCs doing business in China, as well as a discussion about the recent US-China trade war. We find that, as traditional IB theory would predict, internally-oriented strategies (e.g., internalization, maintenance of informal intellectual property (IP), and control of technological centrality and sophistication) are often used to respond to FTT policies; however, the risks from such policies can sometimes be more efficiently managed by externally-oriented strategies (e.g., non-market activities and reliance on formal IP). We discuss how the co-evolution of MNCs' risk management strategies alongside changing value chains, IP institutions, and conditions determining the leverage of FTT policies appear to contribute to this phenomenon. We argue that IB research should more prominently recognize the role of externally-oriented strategies, not only internally-oriented ones, in managing the complex IP-related institutional challenges present in emerging markets today.     

Reconceptualizing and expanding the positive feedback network effects model: A case study

During the 1980s, economists developed the concept of positive network effects and switching costs as the key dynamics of de facto standards competition. They concluded that a positive feedback loop usually “tips” a market to the standard with the most users and complementary assets. While recent scholars have acknowledged that not all markets tip, and suggested some possible limitations on this phenomena, these limitations have not been integrated systematically into a model for competition in these industries. Using examples drawn from the standards contests of the past 20 years, this case study develops an integrated model for competition in these industries.