论古美关系发展历程

古巴自革命胜利之日起,即受到了美国的封锁打压.但与美国咫尺之隔的古巴,却一直不甘妥协,从而使古巴的社会主义制度得以生存,并取得了一定的进展.     

How to Make the Law Work? Budgetary Implications of Domestic Violence Laws in Latin America,Central America,and the Caribbean

SUMMARY

This study focuses on budgetary implications of domestic violence (DV) laws in the Latin American, Central American, and Caribbean (LAC) region. It is based on a survey of literature and data on DV legislation, literature reviews on the social and economic costs of DV, and an analysis of policies on DV in the region based on a survey of nonprofits working on DV in the region. The study shows DV is not being mainstreamed into ministerial budget line items as would be expected following the passage of law. There is clearly a difference between what is ratified in laws and the implementation of activities that follows those decisions. Funding for DV programs is insufficient to reach the entire target population and address the magnitude of the problem. Even after laws were passed, major sources of funding for DV services have continued to be discretionary funds from the ministries' budgets and international donor funds.     

资助低收入学生就读高等教育：美国的经验

资助低收入学生就读高等教育 ,是世界各国都十分重视的一项公共政策。美国在实施学生资助过程中 ,规定了低收入学生、财政需求、就学价格、家庭预期贡献等重要概念的标准和计算办法。受多种资助理念影响 ,美国学生资助是一种典型的多元混合资助模式 ,政府、高校、社会等机构通过奖学金、助学金、贷学金、工读计划等方式资助低收入学生。这种模式对于维系美国多元庞大的高等教育体系具有十分重要的意义     

Competing for the diaspora's influence at home: party structure and transnational campaign activity in El Salvador

ABSTRACT

How do parties in migrant-sending countries engage with the diaspora? Migrants exercise an increasingly important voice in electoral politics in their home countries, though they often either cannot legally vote or vote in very low numbers, yet parties attempt to leverage the influence they believe migrants have over voters at home. However the degree and manner by which parties reach out to diaspora citizens varies widely. A case study of El Salvador points to party organisation as a determinant of variation among parties in diaspora campaigning, based on interviews with Salvadoran party elites in the U.S. and El Salvador, party documents, and historical comparison of campaign activities of El Salvador's two major parties, ARENA and FMLN, over three presidential elections and one mayoral election. FMLN, with a hierarchical model and base committee structure, more effectively mobilizes diaspora support while ARENA, with a horizontal model and sectoral structure, exhibits difficulties in party-diaspora coordination and largely makes indirect and symbolic references to diaspora issues.     

现实主义：美国民族文学的真正开端——论美国19世纪现实主义文学的特征

19世纪现实主义掀起了美国文学的第一次浪潮。这一时期,产生了豪威尔斯、马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯等享有国际盛名的作家。他们摒弃了浪漫主义创作原则,突破了关国文学的"欧洲化"局限,使美国文学跃上了一座高峰。同时,美国19世纪现实主义文学呈现了多元化景观况,产生了乡土文学、心理现实主义、自然主义等流派。这些流派以美国式的表达和美国式的主题构建了美国民族文学,成为民族文学的真正开端。     

从中美两个小学教学案例谈不同教育理念对未成年人的影响

小学阶段是学生接触知识的起始阶段,小学教育的效果如何对受教育者来说其影响往往是终身的.发生在中国和美国两个相距半个多世纪的小学教学案例,说明两国教育理念的巨大差别.我们应该反思我们的应试教育,借鉴美国的教育思想,开展我们以人为本的素质教育.     

朝鲜战争期间美国决策层内部分歧与战争限度

朝鲜战争爆发,美国决策层对之作出迅速反应,然而对其干涉限度意见不一。战争限度问题成为杜鲁门政府和麦克阿瑟争执的焦点所在。以麦克阿瑟的解职为结局的事实,一方面反映了美国决策层内部矛盾发展的必然走向,另一方面也反映了美国政府执行的“有限战争”不仅符合冷战国际背景下美国全球战略的需要,而且也是美国政府和人民最易接受的理性选择。     

Is the web a promising tool for data collection in developing countries? An analysis of the sample bias of 10 web and face-to-face surveys from Africa,Asia, and South America

Whereas the sample composition biases of web surveys have been discussed extensively for developed countries, studies for developing countries are scarce. This article helps to fill that gap by comparing similar non-probability-based web surveys (WEB) and probability-based face-to-face (F2F) surveys both to each other and to the labor force. An analysis of WageIndicator data on work and wages derived from surveys held in 2009–2013 in 10 developing countries (WEB-sample N = 9135; F2F-sample N = 14,659), shows that F2F samples resemble the labor force to a larger extent than web samples do. In both cases, individuals in their 20s and early 30s are overrepresented, and younger and older respondents are underrepresented. This trend is more pronounced in WEB than in F2F samples. However, the differences converge in countries with higher Internet usage. A comparison of the WEB and F2F samples shows that compositions differ greatly, with web respondents being younger, more often male, more often living alone, and higher educated, although these differences are smaller in countries with higher Internet usage. Given the cost differences between the two survey modes, one should nevertheless consider the potential of web surveys as an instrument to gain explorative insights, specifically when searching for individuals with particular characteristics.     

全球化背景下美国文化霸权的多维思考

21世纪的今天,世界政治、经济和文化的全球化已成为不可阻挡的发展趋势和现实。在此背景下,美国凭借其雄厚的政治、经济和军事实力,不仅干涉着全球的政治、经济和军事秩序,而且试图从文化上推行其美国标准于全球,实施文化霸权主义。美国文化霸权的实质,即经济上攫取文化商品市场,掠夺文化资源和财富;政治上征服他国民众之心灵,为其称霸世界寻找合法外衣。美国文化霸权是逆历史潮流而动的,必将以失败而告终。     

美国专利法律修改及对科技经济的影响研究

美国经济增长的四分之三来自知识产权企业的技术创新,这些企业也贡献了美国一半的出口,以及数以百万计的高收入的就业,对美国的创新和经济发展的影响至关重要。从美国专利法的修订背景着手,简要概述了美国专利制度沿革,研究了美国专利法第4次修改的主要方面,重点分析了修订中的典型问题,以及美国专利法修订后对科技和经济的影响。