Becoming Custodial Dads: Exploring Parenting Among Low‐Income and Working‐Class African American Fathers

The authors use an ecological framework and grounded theoretical analysis to explore the circumstances in which working‐class and low‐income custodial African American fathers gain custody of their children, their transition from part‐time to full‐time parents, and the role of support networks in enhancing or inhibiting these men's parenting. Twenty‐four men from an impoverished Midwestern urban area participated in the study. The findings suggest that these men, and perhaps others sharing their demographic profiles, generally become parents by default and are often reluctant to take on a full‐time, single parenting role. Adaptation to the role seems to be enhanced by these men's use of extended kin support networks and shared living arrangements. However, low wages, a lack of sufficient assistance from public assistance programs, and informal custody arrangements often inhibit their fathering.     

网上的西欧政党

20世纪90年代以后，互联网在全球迅速普及，对西欧政党产生了重要的影响。为适应自身发展的需要，获得更多选民的支持，西欧各国政党纷纷上网。他们竞相在网上开展各项活动。主要包括提供信息、网上竞选、政治参与和组织建设，并取得了一定的成效。但是，受到数字鸿沟、政党实力、政党利益、党员和选民态度的影响，西欧政党的网上潜能没有得到充分地发挥，政党的网上效力有待于进一步提高。     

Unexpected but authentic use of an ethnically–marked dialect

Recent work on language crossing in the U.S. has examined the temporary appropriation of African American Vernacular English by white youth in an effort to participate in the current popularity and prestige of hip–hop culture, or in order to highlight racial boundaries. While such verbal behavior probably encompasses most white use of AAVE, it is not the only way in which whites (or other non–blacks) can use the variety. This paper presents a case study of the language of a 23 year old white female who makes consistent use of many distinctive linguistic features associated with AAVE. I argue that the interaction of ideologies of race, class, localness and language allow her to be considered an ingroup member despite her biographical race. This suggests that there is a tension between academic linguistic theory and actual speaker practice in assigning authenticity to individuals, and I conclude that language ideologies and other forms of qualitative evidence should be taken into account by sociolinguists looking at the link between language and race.     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

Relationship Dissolution as a Life Stage Transition: Effects on Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors

In this paper, with the use of linear regressions to investigate how relationship dissolution affects sexual attitudes and behaviors, the authors address the stereotype that newly single people seek multiple sexual partners. Although the newly single people surveyed did obtain new sexual partners, the rate at which they acquired new partners did not support the stereotype. Specifically, men with custody of their children seemed oriented toward finding a steady partner. Additionally, men and women with low incomes reported relatively high rates of partner acquisition after relationship dissolution. The high rates reported by disadvantaged groups may be more directly related to familial instability accompanying poverty than to cultural characteristics associated with income or race. We argue that a life stage model with categorical stages in a rigid, anachronistic progression provides insufficient means to gain an understanding of newly single people.     

重新评价马克·吐温的代表作——《汤姆·索耶历险记》和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(英文)

马克·吐温,这位在美国文学史上开一代创作先河的小说家,为后人留下了20多篇不朽佳作.其中,令人惊讶的是:在他全部作品中,两部描写少年历险故事的著作——《汤姆·索耶历险记》和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》,始终处于最突出的位置,并一直被中外学者公推为其代表作.于是我们不得不深思这样一个问题,作为美国文坛杰出代表人物之一的马克·吐温为什么选择了儿童的角色,而又把他们塑造很空前成功?纵观文学界对马克·吐温作品及其人物形象的有关研究成果和论述,似乎都不能够圆满地答复这个问题.     

从尤瑟夫·海勒的“黑色幽默”文学透析美国社会

海勒的《第二十二条军规》运用讽刺暴露等手法，无情地揭露和鞭挞了战争的荒谬和不道德以及美国社会的黑暗和罪恶。     

从美国进步主义运动的领导主体看运动的特性

学术界在认识美国进步主义运动的性质方面迄今尚有分歧，存在着“旧中产阶级争夺权势说”、“企业主利益冲突说”、“城市新中产阶级价值观改造说”和“中产阶级文化重建说”等多种观点。然而对这一运动的中坚力量与领导成分的考察则表明，知识分子在运动的领导主体中，占据了相当大的比例，并发挥了先锋骨干作用。从这一角度来看，美国进步主义运动可以被界定为是一次由知识分子倡导的社会改革运动。     

African American family life in societal context: Crisis and hope

Since 1965 hundreds of articles and books have been published about African American families. Nevertheless, our understanding of these families continues to be limited. There is a tendency to gloss over important within-group differences; thus, monolithic, stereotypic and inaccurance portrayals of Black family life are common. This paper sets aside debates of Black family pathology or viability, focusing instead on these families' essential character. The paper seeks to understand Black families on their own terms, locating them in relevant social, historical, political and cultural contexts. Key empirical patterns and trends reveal dramatic changes in Black family geographic location, headship, quality of life and socioeconomic status since 1950.A complex picture is revealed. There has been gradual but steady overall improvement alongside persistent, extreme racial disparties and pronounced class disparities among Black families. The proposed Black Family Socio-Ecological Context model specifies and connects institutional, interpersonal, environmental, temporal and cultural facts that shape the essential character of Black family life in such a way as to produce characteristics simultaneously shared and idiosyncratic. The model also provides an organized, systematic accounting of research and public policy issues relevant to the study of African American families.An early version co-authored with Richard A. English was presented during the National Council on Family Relations Meetings in Portland, Oregon, October 1980.