试析美国高等教育中的学分制及其借鉴意义

学分制是美国高等教育系统中普遍使用的衡量高校学术工作的行之有效的手段。本文对学分制在美国高等教育体制中产生的历史、发展过程及应用的范围进行了分析、探讨, 并给予了客观的评价, 最后指出了它对于中国高等教育学术管理体制的借鉴意义, 并提出了几点个人的建议。     

African American family life in societal context: Crisis and hope

Since 1965 hundreds of articles and books have been published about African American families. Nevertheless, our understanding of these families continues to be limited. There is a tendency to gloss over important within-group differences; thus, monolithic, stereotypic and inaccurance portrayals of Black family life are common. This paper sets aside debates of Black family pathology or viability, focusing instead on these families' essential character. The paper seeks to understand Black families on their own terms, locating them in relevant social, historical, political and cultural contexts. Key empirical patterns and trends reveal dramatic changes in Black family geographic location, headship, quality of life and socioeconomic status since 1950.A complex picture is revealed. There has been gradual but steady overall improvement alongside persistent, extreme racial disparties and pronounced class disparities among Black families. The proposed Black Family Socio-Ecological Context model specifies and connects institutional, interpersonal, environmental, temporal and cultural facts that shape the essential character of Black family life in such a way as to produce characteristics simultaneously shared and idiosyncratic. The model also provides an organized, systematic accounting of research and public policy issues relevant to the study of African American families.An early version co-authored with Richard A. English was presented during the National Council on Family Relations Meetings in Portland, Oregon, October 1980.     

20世纪美国黑人大迁徙与南部三农问题之关系

南北战争后,美国南部长期面临农业生产方式落后、农民贫困、农村社会发展缓慢等三农问题。上述问题与南部的种族问题相互交织,加剧了南部社会的落后与黑暗。这其中,南部黑人受害最为深重,他们被迫大规模迁徙到美国其他地区。20世纪美国有两次黑人大迁徙的高潮,到20世纪70年代有600多万南部黑人迁徙。美国南部的三农问题是黑人大迁徙的经济原因,但黑人大迁徙又反过来推动了三农问题的解决,由此可见迁徙自由对于解决三农问题的重要意义。     

Resilience in low-income African American women living and aging with HIV

Women are living with HIV into middle and older age and are likely to face multiple comorbidities and stressors as they age. This study focused on understanding how women who experience multiple forms of oppression and ongoing adversity are still able to adapt and stand strong. Using a theoretical framework of resilience and a feminist research ideology, interviews of eight middle-aged and older African American women living with HIV were analyzed. Despite experiences of HIV-related discrimination, trauma, and violence, these women demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and maintain support. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Self‐Construal,Career Decision Self‐Efficacy,and Perceived Barriers Predict Mexican American Women's Life Satisfaction

This study used the social cognitive theory of well‐being (SCTW; Lent, 2004 ) to examine the role of career decision self‐efficacy (CDSE), perceived educational barriers, and independent self‐construal on the life satisfaction of 176 Mexican American college women. A 3‐step hierarchical regression analysis indicated that independent self‐construal, CDSE, and fewer perceived educational barriers significantly predicted greater life satisfaction among Mexican American college women above and beyond the influence of socioeconomic status and generational status. These findings are consistent with SCTW and highlight the need for counselors and researchers to be aware of the role that self‐construal, CDSE, and perceived educational barriers can have on Mexican American women's life satisfaction. Implications for practice at the secondary‐school and university levels are discussed.     

美国中小学服务学习课程模式的理论与实践

服务学习是美国中小学广泛实施的一种优秀的实践教学课程模式。不同于单纯的社会体验或学科教学,服务学习将课程学习、社会服务和体验反思三者有机地结合起来,不仅加强了学生课堂所学知识与现实世界的关联,同时也极大地丰富了中小学生的社会实践活动。其基本理念、特征、实践模式及实施经验对我国当前基础教育课程改革有着很高的借鉴价值。     

后危机时代美国政治民主异化的主要表现

经过了全球金融危机的强烈冲击，世界经济开始缓慢复苏，随之进入后危机时代。但在经历了危机的冲击之后，美国政治民主却走到了难以为继的地步，开始出现明显的异化，表现为金钱与选票的夹击使社会变革举步维艰；恶性竞争的政党政治使社会族群对立撕裂；过度的自由和权利使社会凝聚度大大降低；意识形态的对抗使政治民主难以进步。通过分析将给中国的民主建设一些有益的启示与思考。     

Senior centres in the lives of older Americans: implications for Chinese older adults

As a critical community resource, the senior centre has provided older Americans with a wide array of recreational, nutritional, health, and social service programmes. Funding resources include the Older Americans Act allocations, local organisations and governments, national charities, voluntary associations, and religious associations. The types of programmes offered at a senior centre reflect two models: social agency model or voluntary organisation model. The five most popular programmes are nutrition, health and fitness, recreation, volunteering, and social services. Participation in senior centre activities has positive impacts on the overall well-being of older adult participants. With the rapid growth in the ageing population and improved life expectancy in China, senior centres may serve as a focal point for Chinese older adults by providing a broad spectrum of social services to enhance the well-being of community-dwelling older adults, to support their independence and dignity, and to facilitate ageing in place in later life.     

北美汉学界的《沧浪诗话》研究述评——以华裔族群为中心

北美汉学界的《沧浪诗话》研究在主体构成上包括华裔族群和本土学者两个群体。华裔族群的代表人物是刘若愚、叶维廉、叶嘉莹、欧阳桢等人，本土学者的代表人物是加拿大的林理彰，美国的宇文所安、费维廉等人。整体上看。华裔族群的研究凸显出如下四个主要特点：一是注重影响研究，包括严羽诗论对前代文论的承传及其对后代文论（文学理论和文学批评）的影响；二是对严羽诗论系统中“以禅喻诗”批评方法及“兴趣”、“妙悟”等概念进行了阐释：三是方法上移西释中和中西对话并用；四是注意吸纳中国和日本“严学”家的研究成果。     

美国犹太教“极化”进程中的以色列因素

自20世纪末以来,美国犹太教正统派和非正统派之间呈现出明显的“极化”趋势,以色列是加剧这一“极化”进程的“分化剂”。以色列在全球犹太人中“精神中心”地位的凸显、全球化时代流散地犹太人群体对以色列关联的增强以及不同宗派群体在对以关联中的地位差异,导致以色列成为美国犹太教不同宗派间竞争的关键“战场”。籍由此种紧密但不平衡的关联,以色列的社会政治冲突和“极化”得以“外溢”至美国犹太人群体。美国犹太教不同宗派以“受邀”或“回旋镖”模式卷入以色列社会政治的纷争。进入21世纪以来,右倾化和“民主危机”使以色列犹太人正统派在身份认同、政党归属和政策倾向等方面与美国正统派犹太人趋近,同时却更加疏远非正统派群体。日趋右倾化的以色列加剧了美国犹太教不同宗派间的“身份冲突”。