城乡居民社会养老保险体系建设中的政府责任——基于浙江省德清县的研究

在全国性制度的探索和完善过程中,地方经验往往能提供重要借鉴.浙江省德清县城乡居民社会养老保险体系建设成效显著,其中破除城乡二元结构、强化政府责任、合理划分政府间职责是其基本经验.这对目前正在试点的新型农村社会养老保险制度具有重要启示意义.德清实践存在的一些问题,也凸显出城乡一体化以及重构政府间职责尤其是调整政府间财政关系的必要性和紧迫性.     

实现基本养老保险全国统筹的障碍研究

实现基本养老保险全国统筹是我国养老保障体制改革的发展方向,但不同地区的基本养老保险制度、经济水平、人口结构等方面存在巨大差距,以及业已形成的地方利己主义行为,严重阻碍了基本养老保险全国统筹的实现。通过对基本养老保险全国统筹的障碍进行研究,得出缩小各地区之间的区域差距和明确中央政府与地方各级政府职责,有利于基本养老保险全国统筹的实现。     

三国时期的社会保障举措初探

三国时期,各国统治者为了缓和社会矛盾,采取实行社会保障的调控措施,即政府赏赐、社会优待抚恤和社会赈济等。政府赏赐指对国家作出贡献的官吏给予奖赏;抚恤指对立功及捐躯者家属进行抚恤慰问;社会赈济指对受灾地区的救济扶贫等。这一措施进展的如何,是衡量当时经济发展的天然尺度。值得关注的是,三国统治者在实行这些措施时,吸取了东汉末期的赏赐唯亲的教训,反映了社会进步的公平本质。     

农民养老意识变迁的影响因素研究——以对288位农民的调研为例

家庭养老意识、自我养老意识和机构养老意识是三种主要的农民养老意识。在农民养老意识变迁过程中,农村劳动力转移、家庭权力转移、养老文化、农民需求层次和社会舆论等是其中主要的影响因素。     

Pension Reforms in Europe and Life-course Politics

In recent years, somewhat drastic pension reforms have taken place in all European countries. The pension systems developed in the last century are no longer considered to be suited to the changing demographic constellations in European countries, and the financial sustainability of these systems is under threat. Moreover, the changing political and economic set‐up in European countries is also used to justify reforming the different pension systems. Different reasons can be given to explain the various pension reform measures without, however, there being any integrated coherence. We suggest that a politics of social policy, and of pension policy in particular, based on a life‐course perspective, facilitates the understanding of the whole range of pension reform measures. In the past, the elaborated pension systems were attuned to a normative standard biography. A new standard biography, with different phases and more transitions and combinations, enables one to understand the variety of the ongoing pension reform measures. Such a life‐course perspective integrates sequences of learning, working and caring considered necessary for the polity. In other words, it is based on a conception of human potential, and it integrates, to some extent, the previously separate domains of labour market policy, education policy, care policy and pension policy. However, recent theoretical and empirical studies of the life course lead to a critical evaluation of the new standard biography, with the conclusion that the new standard is one‐sided and scientifically unsound, entailing challenges for social policy.     

新型农村社会养老保险制度的参保意愿和机制构建研究——以西安为例

以个人缴费为主的"旧农保"难以为继,中央政府提出了建立"个人缴费、集体补助、财政补贴相结合"的"新农保"。西安市新型农村社会养老保险制度应该建立以个人缴费和财政补贴为主的筹资模式,以个人账户积累为主的资金管理模式,以个人账户养老金和基础养老金相结合的给付模式,并根据农民参保意愿和缴费能力,设计不同缴费档次,实行多缴、多补、多得的激励机制,最终实现广覆盖、保基本、能转移、可持续的新型农村社会养老保险制度。课题组在充分调研的基础上,设计了三个不同的参保方案,测算了不同缴费水平和财政补贴水平下,参保农民的养老金待遇以及财政负担。     

我国养老金财务系统控制中的模糊数学方法

目前我国60岁以上的老年人口已达1.2亿,占全国总人口的9.7%,并且正以每年3.3%的速度递增。到2000年,我国将步入人口老年型国家行列。目前,随着社会保障体系的逐步完善,必须尽快构建我国的养老金财务系统。本文首先用系统工程方法将养老金财务系统分解为养老金筹集财务子系统、养老基金和财产运营财务子系统、养老金发放财务子系统三个子系统,以体现社会统筹与个人帐户相结合,基金筹集与社会保障运营相分离的原则;然后运用二层模糊综合评判方法给出我国养老金财务系统处于“正常”状态程度的描述;最后运用模糊控制理论和方法,对“正常”状态程度较低的养老金财务系统建立了以“养老基金征缴率、营利投资运营资金比例、运营收益分配比例”为三个关键性指标的模糊反馈控制数学模型,从而协调三个子系统内部运行目标和机制,以达到“正常”的系统和谐状态。     

Social Security in a Rapidly Changing Environment: The Case of the Post-communist Transformation

Overcoming the economic crisis and implementing institutional change in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has been greatly facilitated by a pre-existing social security network—although adaptations to the new circumstances have been necessary. This paper offers a review of these adjustments and the various strategies that have been employed for mitigating losses in income and in social cohesion with the market reforms. The paper shows how countries first expanded, then curtailed their social programmes, and have started moving away from collective to individualized solutions, not only in the economic but also in the social field. Although this thrust promises many advantages, such as greater personal responsibility and system transparency, several population groups—typically those that fail to form a powerful interest group—risk being left behind by the reform process. The paper concludes that these experiences from the region offer valuable lessons for social programmes assisted by international exchanges that aim to counter the negative impacts of rapid economic and institutional change increasingly a worldwide phenomenon.     

Shifting the Pension Mix: Consequences for Dutch and Danish Women

All European countries are aiming to reform their pension systems in line with two conceptual ideas: firstly, that systems should combine public, occupational and private pensions; secondly, that entitlements should be individualized. The Dutch and the Danish pension systems already consist of these three different pensions with relatively individualized entitlements and in a way form an ideal type of pension system. However, these systems are far from ideal since they are deeply gender biased. The positive effects of citizenship‐based state pensions conceal the negative ones. In addition, recent developments in the combination of the pension schemes counteract the positive effects. Given the male‐oriented norm when it comes to full pension entitlements, and given the fact that life courses are still gendered, these countries’ systems and developments have negative effects for women.     

政府管理作用对养老金投资收益的影响关系研究

采用聚类的方法和Binary Logistic回归模型,对世界上35个国家的养老金投资收益与政府管理作用的关系进行了实证分析。分析结果表明,政府管理作用与养老基金投资收益具有正向相关关系,即政府管理作用越强,其养老金实际投资回报率越高;对一个国家而言,政府管理作用的逐渐增强能够在三个阶段不同程度地直接或间接促进其养老金投资回报率的提高。本文的研究结论对我国农保基金的运作和管理有重要的启示:农保基金制度建设除了要注意基金运营制度和投资管理制度等内在因素的改革和完善外,还要特别注意加强政府的管理作用,尤其是要提高地方政府的管理能力,这样才能保证我国农保基金的运营在安全性的前提下取得较高的投资收益。