The need for family planning

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evidence on the need for family planning. The available evidence on current levels of unmet need for contraceptives, fertility preferences, and the non-contraceptive benefits of family planning is reviewed. I argue that expansion of family planning programs is still needed. These programs provide couples with tools to reach their desired family size; can significantly impact maternal and child mortality by decreasing fertility and optimizing child spacing; and by decreasing fertility, slow population growth. It is therefore imperative to continue to expand the provision of family planning services.     

进入退出壁垒与国有企业亏损:一个产业组织理论的解释

制度性进入壁垒导致产业人为垄断的形成 ,而过度进入与制度性退出壁垒则造成了我国许多产业的过度竞争格局 ,从而导致厂商 (大多数是国有企业 )的高产量和低价格及亏损。只有尽快从根本上破除制度性壁垒 ,才有可能真正使国有企业摆脱亏损的困境 ,国有企业才能具有自生能力 ,而其他由于缺乏自生能力诱发出来的金融预算软约束、政企不分、激励不足、效率低下等问题将迎刃而解     

Service User/Survivor Involvement in Mental Health Training and Education: Overcoming the Barriers

This article discusses 10 barriers to the involvement of service users/survivors in learning and teaching about mental health in higher education, suggesting ways of overcoming each. The paper is addressed to mental health trainers and educators, some of whom will be mental health service users/survivors. We have not looked at the involvement of carers/relatives in learning and teaching here. They also clearly have an important role to play and some of what we have written will have relevance to their involvement.     

地方政府发行债券可行性的经济学探微——在全球金融危机的视角下

2008年的金融危机给世界也给中国经济造成了巨大影响。面对出口的下滑,国内需求原本不旺,在经济衰退的情况下更是愈加萎缩,而扩大内需的根本办法在于建立健全社会保障体系,但短期内不可能实现,因此,政府加大投资似乎成为挽救经济衰退的一剂良方。由于地方财政早已出现过万亿的赤字,何以出手投资救经济？在这种情况下,地方政府发行债券的呼声再起。地方政府发行债券是财政分权理论的实践,能产生良好的经济效益。在相关配套制度的辅佐下,地方政府发行债券将为金融危机的化解起到关键作用。     

准入制度改革、同业竞争与银行业市场进入决策机制升级

为了研究我国银行业市场准入制度改革对银行市场进入决策机制的影响和检验银行间差异化竞争战略的实施成效,本文基于中小股份制商业银行分支数据构建静态离散博弈的均衡结构模型还原银行市场进入过程中的战略互动,并重点考察不同垄断地位银行间非对称的竞争壁垒效应。鉴于多重Nash均衡引起的估计不一致问题,分别使用条件矩不等式和子样本模拟技术识别与估计模型参数的置信区间,并进一步设计反事实分析和分类比较分析。研究发现,我国银行业准入制度放松显著推动了市场进入决策机制升级,使其不仅取决于银行内部优势和市场区位,也受制于对手决策及其构建的品牌、规模经济等非对称竞争壁垒;银行边际利润实现从第二产业向第三产业转移,当前银行业的“壁龛市场”战略占优于“跟随”战略。     

积极应对绿色贸易壁垒对我国贸易的影响

绿色贸易壁垒是对自由贸易形成障碍的一种非关税措施,通常成为发达国家用于限制发展中国家对外贸易的技术手段。绿色贸易壁垒自身的特点,决定其对我国进出口贸易也带来巨大影响。为了在国际贸易中获得更多主动,也为了绿色循环经济的发展,我国政府、企业、商会都应当积极应对。     

未来在我国农村实行住房倒按揭存在的障碍及应对之策

未来在我国农村实行倒按揭有利于形成父子间的新型＂代际关系＂,有利于维护社会的稳定,有利于拉动国民经济的增长,但现时期在我国农村实施住房倒按揭,受到伦理困局,银行积极性不高,倒按揭运作的经济法律制度不规范等中国国情的阻碍。为了使倒按揭业务在我国农村顺利开展,应采取以下主要措施：政府应加大对倒按揭业务的宣传和鼓励,培养新型的养老观念;政府在相关领域进行制度创新;先进行试点后逐步推广,倒按揭业务应有专门机构来运作;建立健全倒按揭的相关法律制度等。     

Barriers to Employment for Welfare Recipients

Abstract

With the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, there has been an increase in research attention devoted to barriers to workforce participation for welfare recipients. However, much research conducted to this point tends to view the welfare population as a homogeneous group. This study examined eight commonly identified work related barriers in an ethnically diverse sample of 4014 active TANF cases. The results indicated that different ethnic groups face different barriers to workforce entry, with ethnic minorities facing the greatest number of barriers. In this sample, the Asian sub-population, comprised largely of Laotian and Hmong refugees, were at the greatest risk for failure. Implications for service delivery and intervention strategies are discussed.     

英语词汇学习的障碍及其对策

本文从分析英语词汇学习的障碍着手,提出克服英语词汇学习障碍,提高学习效果的相应对策.     

关于NGO研究的文献综述

在中国社会转型的大背景中,NGO在各个领域具有政府和市场无法比拟的优势,已引起政府、学术界、媒体及大众的关注,成为具有理论价值和现实价值的研究热点。通过归纳国内外学者对NGO问题的研究成果,对其进行系统地梳理,藉此为此类研究提供理论指导和经验参考。