Using Theory to Identify Beliefs Associated with Intentions to Follow Fish Consumption Advisories Among Anglers Living in the Great Lakes Region

Fish consumption advisories are issued by states, tribes, and federal agencies to provide guidance to consumers about eating sport‐caught fish potentially affected by chemical contaminants. Previous work has found that while anglers report being aware that advisories are available, awareness and use of specific advisory recommendations is low. This study uses the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IMBP) to identify beliefs with potential to increase intentions to follow fish consumption advisories in Great Lakes states. We conducted a mail survey of 1,712 licensed anglers in seven of eight Great Lakes states (excluding Ohio) to gauge advisory awareness, cognitive factors influencing fish consumption behaviors (informed by the IMBP), and sociodemographic characteristics. Results show that most anglers reported being generally or vaguely aware of fish consumption advisories and try to follow them, but far fewer report being aware of specific advice needed to decide whether or not to consume different types of sport‐caught fish. Informed by the IMBP, we also identify several behavioral, normative, and control beliefs that have sufficient room to change, strong associations with intentions to follow the advisories, and potential to be modified if targeted with strategic risk messages. Targeting these beliefs with strategic communication holds potential to increase the proportion of anglers intending to follow fish consumption advisory recommendations in choosing which fish to eat.     

Comparing rating paradigms for evidence-based program registers in behavioral health: Evidentiary criteria and implications for assessing programs

Decision makers need timely and credible information about the effectiveness of behavioral health interventions. Online evidence-based program registers (EBPRs) have been developed to address this need. However, the methods by which these registers determine programs and practices as being “evidence-based” has not been investigated in detail. This paper examines the evidentiary criteria EBPRs use to rate programs and the implications for how different registers rate the same programs. Although the registers tend to employ a standard Campbellian hierarchy of evidence to assess evaluation results, there is also considerable disagreement among the registers about what constitutes an adequate research design and sufficient data for designating a program as evidence-based. Additionally, differences exist in how registers report findings of “no effect,” which may deprive users of important information. Of all programs on the 15 registers that rate individual programs, 79% appear on only one register. Among a random sample of 100 programs rated by more than one register, 42% were inconsistently rated by the multiple registers to some degree.     

Best Invariant and Minimax Estimation of Quantiles in Finite Populations

The theoretical literature on quantile and distribution function estimation in infinite populations is very rich, and invariance plays an important role in these studies. This is not the case for the commonly occurring problem of estimation of quantiles in finite populations. The latter is more complicated and interesting because an optimal strategy consists not only of an estimator, but also of a sampling design, and the estimator may depend on the design and on the labels of sampled individuals, whereas in iid sampling, design issues and labels do not exist.We study the estimation of finite population quantiles, with emphasis on estimators that are invariant under the group of monotone transformations of the data, and suitable invariant loss functions. Invariance under the finite group of permutation of the sample is also considered. We discuss nonrandomized and randomized estimators, best invariant and minimax estimators, and sampling strategies relative to different classes. Invariant loss functions and estimators in finite population sampling have a nonparametric flavor, and various natural combinatorial questions and tools arise as a result.     

网上消费者非伦理行为:特性、维度与测量

本文基于群体极化、去个性化与利已主义理论,对网上消费者非伦理行为的特性、维度和测量进行了系统探讨。研究结果发现,网上消费者非伦理行为的本质特征可经由行为动机和行为目标对象两个核心视角揭示,情绪支配和行为目标对象泛化是其重要特性面。此外,研究还发现,网上消费者非伦理行为是一个多维概念,其维度可依行为动机(利益动机、情绪动机)和行为目标对象(具体对象、泛化对象)组合提炼,主要维度包括扰乱秩序行为、恶意利已行为、节制伤害行为和侵犯版权行为。研究最终确立了一套专门针对网上消费者非伦理行为的测量量表。     

Supplier Selection Behavior Under Uncertainty: Contextual and Cognitive Effects on Risk Perception and Choice

Buyers often make supplier selection decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Although the analytical aspects of supplier selection are well developed, the psychological aspects are less so. This article uses supply chain management and behavioral decision theories to propose that attributes of the purchasing situation (category difficulty, category importance, and contingent pay) affect cognition that, in turn, affects a supply manager's choice. We conducted a supplier selection behavioral experiment with practicing managers to test the model's hypotheses. When the context involves an important or difficult sourcing category, higher risk perceptions exist that increase preference for a supplier with more certain outcomes, even when that choice has a lower expected payoff. However, the presence of contingent pay decreases risk perceptions through higher perceived supplier control. We also find that a manager's risk propensity increases preferences for a supplier with less certain outcomes regardless of perceived risk. Our model and results provide a theoretical framework for further study into the cognitive aspects of supplier selection behavior and provide insight into biases that influence practicing supply chain managers.     

An Empirical Study of the Toxic Capsule Crisis in China: Risk Perceptions and Behavioral Responses

The outbreak of the toxic capsule crisis during April 2012 aroused widespread public concern about the risk of chromium‐contaminated capsules and drug safety in China. In this article, we develop a conceptual model to investigate risk perceptions of the pharmaceutical drug capsules and behavioral responses to the toxic capsule crisis and the relationship between associated factors and these two variables. An online survey was conducted to test the model, including questions on the measures of perceived efficacy of the countermeasures, trust in the State FDA (Food and Drug Administration), trust in the pharmaceutical companies, trust in the pharmaceutical capsule producers, risk perception, concern, need for information, information seeking, and risk avoidance. In general, participants reported higher levels of risk perception, concern, and risk avoidance, and lower levels of trust in the three different stakeholders. The results from the structural equation modeling procedure suggest that perceived efficacy of the countermeasures is a predictor of each of the three trust variables; however, only trust in the State FDA has a dampening impact on risk perception. Both risk perception and information seeking are significant determinants of risk avoidance. Risk perception is also positively related to concern. Information seeking is positively related to both concern and need for information. The theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.     

沪市股票的惯性与反转效应实证研究

股票价格的惯性和反转一直是国内学者研究的热点问题,从缩短形成期持有期和引入交易频率两个新的视角,利用2001-2003年沪市交易的股票作为样本来研究股票价格惯性和反转效应。实证结果表明超短期(3个交易日)内存在反转现象,并且在引入交易频率重新分组后,出现了不同的结果且显著性水平较高。     

企业生命周期理财目标及最佳组织结构研究

以企业的理财目标作为切入点,论证企业在生命周期的各个不同阶段,应当达到何种理财目标。同时论证了为了达到这种理财目标,企业在组织结构上应该相应采取的最佳组织结构。     

Behavioral Channels in the Cross‐Market Diffusion of Major Terrorism Shocks

The diffusion mechanism of terrorist shocks to third countries’ stock market responses is explored by employing a Heckit model. Stock market response is broken down to (i) the direction of reaction and (ii) conditional on negative reaction, its magnitude. The analysis puts forward two behavioral factors (memory‐based utility/availability heuristic, social amplification of risk), proxied by past terrorism record and terrorism risk concern as the shocks’ diffusion channels. The findings are that the likelihood and the size of negative stock market reaction increase with terrorism record and risk concern. Additionally, weak evidence is uncovered for a mitigation of risk concern's impact by favorable macroeconomic stance. Furthermore, the impact of behavioral factors, especially over the magnitude of reaction, is robust when controlling for economic linkages. The latter are also significant predictors of the direction of stock market reaction, but not of its magnitude.     

Empathy,sympathy, and tax compliance

This paper examines the effect of “empathy” and “sympathy” on tax compliance. We run a series of laboratory experiments in which we observe the subjects’ decisions in a series of one-shot Tax Compliance Games presented at once and with no immediate feedback. Importantly, we employ methods to identify subjects’ sympathy, such as the Davis Empathic Concern Scale and questions about frequency of prosocial behaviors; we also use priming in order to promote subjects’ empathy. Our results suggest that the presence of sympathy in most cases encourages more tax compliance. Our results also suggest that priming to elicit empathy also has a positive impact on tax compliance. These results support the inclusion of noneconomic factors in the analysis of tax compliance behavior.