浅析英国工业革命的市场条件

国内外市场的存在及市场需求的不断增长的压力是英国工业生产发展的主要动因。英国可资利用的市场规模远较欧洲其它国家的市场大,这大大便利了英国工业品的生产与销售。英国市场的性质也有助于工业再生产的进行。     

论虚假广告行政责任的立法完善

虚假广告不但损害消费者的利益,更是一种典型的破坏市场竞争秩序的不正当竞争行为,应当承担行政责任。但是,我国法律对于虚假广告的行政责任立法却存在许多漏洞。为完善虚假广告的行政责任立法,必须解决虚假广告行政责任法律冲突、行政责任的构成要件及行政处罚方式等问题。     

Social identities and political cleavages: the role of political context

Summary. Using a novel method, the paper investigates the influence of social group identities on attitudes and on voting in a variety of political contexts. Examining the major regions of Britain, Canada and the USA, we find considerable national and regional diversity in the nature of social cleavages. For example, social class and race had widely different effects across societies, but within societies their effects on attitudes and on voting were very similar. However, despite that, age and religion had a similar effect on attitudes across societies; the effects on voting varied considerably. The significant within-country differences underline the importance of using region, rather than country, as the unit of analysis. More importantly, these results highlight the role of political context, especially competing cleavages and the structure of party competition, in the establishment of politically relevant social cleavages.     

化学新课程改革与微型化学实验

新一轮基础教育改革中，化学新课程改革在理念和内容上都强调学习方式的转变，即倡导探究性学习．探究性学习的实质，是学生主动参与教学过程，积极从事各种探究活动，亲自发现科学概念和原理，掌握探究技能．事实表明微型化学实验是实现探究性学习的有效手段．     

Ethnic preferences and perceptions among Asian and White British middle school children

Asian and White middle school children were shown photographs of unknown Afro-Caribbean, Asian, and White individuals of approximately the same age as themselves, and asked which one wax most like them, which one they would prefer to be, which ones they would prefer to engage in various activities with, and finally, to allocate positive and negative traits to the three groups or to nobody. A similar majority of both Asian and While children selected an own-race photograph as being most like them, but only about a half selected the own-race photograph as the one they would most like to he. For sharing activities, children showed a strong own-tender preference, followed by an own-race preference. White children stated a greater preference for sharing activities with White children, then with Afro-Caribbean children, and least with Asian children. Asian children preferred Asian and White children the most, Afro-Caribbean the least. On a stereotypes test, similar trends were obtained; White children evaluated While children highest and Asian lowest; Asian children tended to evaluate Asian children highest but to a nonsignificant extent. The relative proportion of Asian/White children in school appeared to have little systematic influence on the results, thus arguing against the contact hypothesis of prejudice reduction in its simple form.     

析我国刑法第十三条之规定

犯罪概念 ,大致上可以分为形式概念、实质概念及混合概念。我国刑法第十三条规定的是犯罪的混合概念 ,这一混合概念存在着逻辑上的缺陷 ,欠缺明确性和可操作性。文章就如何更为科学地定义犯罪 ,完善我国刑法第十三条作了初步探讨     

Uncertainty Analysis for Computer Model Projections of Hurricane Losses

Projecting losses associated with hurricanes is a complex and difficult undertaking that is wrought with uncertainties. Hurricane Charley, which struck southwest Florida on August 13, 2004, illustrates the uncertainty of forecasting damages from these storms. Due to shifts in the track and the rapid intensification of the storm, real-time estimates grew from 2 to 3 billion dollars in losses late on August 12 to a peak of 50 billion dollars for a brief time as the storm appeared to be headed for the Tampa Bay area. The storm hit the resort areas of Charlotte Harbor near Punta Gorda and then went on to Orlando in the central part of the state, with early poststorm estimates converging on a damage estimate in the 28 to 31 billion dollars range. Comparable damage to central Florida had not been seen since Hurricane Donna in 1960. The Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss Projection Methodology (FCHLPM) has recognized the role of computer models in projecting losses from hurricanes. The FCHLPM established a professional team to perform onsite (confidential) audits of computer models developed by several different companies in the United States that seek to have their models approved for use in insurance rate filings in Florida. The team's members represent the fields of actuarial science, computer science, meteorology, statistics, and wind and structural engineering. An important part of the auditing process requires uncertainty and sensitivity analyses to be performed with the applicant's proprietary model. To influence future such analyses, an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis has been completed for loss projections arising from use of a Holland B parameter hurricane wind field model. Uncertainty analysis quantifies the expected percentage reduction in the uncertainty of wind speed and loss that is attributable to each of the input variables.     

惩罚研究探析

惩罚是一种常用的教育方法与不良行为的矫正程序，但由于近年来社会思潮朝着重视人文精神的方向发展，以及惩罚本身存在的误用与滥用的问题，惩罚的研究与使用受到冷落与忽视。教育中的惩罚是必要的，教育工作者应该正确认识与运用惩罚，加强对惩罚的作用机制、效果与有效的惩罚方式的研究，促进惩罚应用的科学化，有效地矫正学生的不良行为，     

认哲学对自然科学发展的影响

哲学的自然观与自然科学理论之间的关系是一般和个别的关系。这种关系决定了自然科学理论思维必然要受到哲学思想以及哲学思维方式的支配。自然观对自然科学理论研究起指导性作用。自然观;科学方法;科学研究之间有着密切的联系。没有科学方法,就没有科学研究,而科学方法受自然观的支配,只有在正确的自然观指导下形成的科学方法才能获得科学研究的成功。     

公益诉讼的程序难局

分析公益诉讼的败诉现象,可将其归于观念和法律制度原因,这两个原因使公民无法成为公益诉讼的原告。本文提出应针对不同类别的公益诉讼分别适用民事诉讼和行政诉讼程序,并在行政诉讼程序中将公益诉讼的原告资格同时赋予公民和检察机关。