科技创新是现代化高校发展的重要标志

近年来,高校作为国家科技创新体系的重要组成部分,大力加强科学研究。北京大学让本科生提前介入科研,培养科研创新能力。高校创办的具有特色的大学科技园、高科技产业群,逐步发展成为普遍趋势,高校已经成为中国基础研究的主力军。高校现有的人才资源有效结合起来,就形成一批充满活力的科技创新集体。     

言语生成及理解的心理模型

言语生成 (speechproduction)和言语理解 (speechunderstanding)是语言交际中十分复杂的心理认知过程 ,也是心理语言学研究中的一个重要内容。本文拟对有关言语生成和理解的几种心理模型予以讨论 ,探讨言语生成及理解的过程和实质。     

番茄红素的生产与检测研究

基于番茄红素有防癌抑癌的生理功能,使之成为具有广阔应用前景的天然色素。该文针对番茄红素生产过程中产品产率低、纯度差的现状,对番茄红素的稳定性、生产方法、纯化方法、异构体的分离以及检测进行阐述。为番茄红素工业生产提供理论和实践依据。     

Potential exposures and risks from beryllium-containing products.

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.     

Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well‐being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self‐efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

对降低中国农业生产风险的方式探讨

农业生产领域因其要受气候条件、自然灾害、技术的改变、信息的不完全、国家政策的变动,有着不同于其他行业的特殊风险性,而我国农户大多又是风险规避者,所以,如何降低农业生产中的风险,及如何看待降低风险的方式在中国的实效性问题,成为目前解决“三农”问题关键所在。     

知识型企业结构、特征及报酬递增效应分析

在市场经济条件下,知识已经成为企业竞争力的源泉.知识经济、知识管理、知识型企业等思想被越来越多的人所接受.和传统企业相比,知识型企业的结构及特征有它特定的一面.文章在分析知识型企业内外部结构的基础上,对知识型企业的特征进行了分析,进而探讨了由其特征所决定的知识型企业生产函数及报酬递增效应.     

马克思的劳动价值论和按生产要素分配

生产要素所有权决定劳动产品的分配。不同社会制度下劳动产品的分配不同根源于生产资料所有制的不同。市场经济条件下生产要素获取收益的方式主要有三种：把生产要素当作商品、把生产要素当作资本商品，把生产要素当作资本。无论何种方式参与分配的依据都是生产要素的所有权，而非劳动价值论：劳动价值论不是生产要素参与分配的依据，但在市场经济中两者有着内在的联系。     

The Experience of Gender Change in Public Sector Organizations

The state has a twofold relationship to gender change in society, through its overall steering capacity and through the gendered character of its constituent agencies. It is therefore important to understand the experience of gender change in state organizations. The findings from a study of gender relations in ten public‐sector worksites in New South Wales, Australia are presented. There is a widespread consciousness of gender change linked with new labour processes, restructuring and new patterns of management. These changes are uneven and limits to change are visible. Gender is recognized as an organizational problem in specific circumstances, most visibly where men’s resistance to change appears. A number of mechanisms limit the consciousness of gender as a problem. Several trends, including the current strength of neo‐liberalism, converge to make the gender‐neutral workplace the principal goal of gender reform in the public‐sector workplace. This, however, limits the state’s steering capacity in regard to societal gender relations.