The structure of employee attitudes to safety: A European example

This paper concerns organizational safety culture and the structure or architecture of employee attitudes to safety as part of that culture. It begins by reviewing the somewhat scant literature relevant to this area, and then reports a study, conducted in a European company, which collected and factor analysed data on employee attitudes to safety. The framework provided for the study was that offered by Purdham (1984), and the results suggested that employees' attitudes to safety, within this company (across occupation/occupational level and country), could be mapped By five orthogonal factors: personal scepticism, individual responsibility, the safeness of the work environment, the effectiveness of arrangements for safety, and personal immunity. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and attention is drawn to their subsequent use in an intervention to enhance safety culture within the organization by attacking supervisors' attitudes to safety.     

产品危害事件对品牌资产变动的影响

本文采用达沃和皮洛特的分析框架和两项实验,探索了产品危害事件中公司反应和消费者先前预期是如何影响品牌资产变动的。结果发现,消费者对公司反应的解释取决于其先前预期:出现产品危害事件时,不管公司采用何种反应措施,强预期条件下较弱预期条件下造成的品牌资产损失小。     

Supplier involvement in product development in the electronics industry: A case study

The movement of activities earlier in the product development process requires a re-examination of the total supply network. The objective of this paper is to determine the degree of early supplier involvement (ESI) that exists between a multinational electronics company and its key suppliers, in terms of depth of integration, information exchange and buyer–supplier relationships. The paper provides insights into the strategic factors that affect the dynamics of the ESI process. The research indicates that there are considerable impediments for those participants responsible for establishing and managing the implementation of ESI. A number of strategic insights are identified that explain the existence of the impediments to the ESI process. Finally, based upon the findings a number of lessons are highlighted for organisations considering the adoption of the ESI process.     

Estimating Fatality Reductions from Increased Safety Belt Use

Fatality reductions from increases in safety belt use are estimated taking into account that drivers who change from being nonusers to being users have lower accident involvement rates than the remaining nonusers, a process referred to as "selective recruitment." Analytical functions are derived which express expected fatality reductions in terms of changes in safety belt use rates from an initial rate. The function parameters are determined by requiring that computed average crash rates for nonusers be 53% higher than the rates for users, a recently determined empirical value. These functions show that, depending on the initial use rate and use rate increase, selective recruitment may increase or decrease expected fatality reductions. However, effects are relatively small, in no case exceeding +/- 5.3%.     

Influence of Safety Measures on the Risks of Transporting Dangerous Goods Through Road Tunnels

Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models are used to estimate the risks of transporting dangerous goods and to assess the merits of introducing alternative risk reduction measures for different transportation scenarios and assumptions. A comprehensive QRA model recently was developed in Europe for application to road tunnels. This model can assess the merits of a limited number of "native safety measures." In this article, we introduce a procedure for extending its scope to include the treatment of a number of important "nonnative safety measures" of interest to tunnel operators and decisionmakers. Nonnative safety measures were not included in the original model specification. The suggested procedure makes use of expert judgment and Monte Carlo simulation methods to model uncertainty in the revised risk estimates. The results of a case study application are presented that involve the risks of transporting a given volume of flammable liquid through a 10-km road tunnel.     

论一般累犯构成的主观条件

我国新旧刑法规定一般累犯构成的主观条件限制为故意犯罪,排斥过失犯罪,笔者认为,该规定与特别刑法相冲突,也存在着诸多明显的不合理性,建议立法机关适时取消新刑法第65条第一款的"但书"规定。     

Civil Society and the Northern Irish Peace Process

Alternative accounts of the Northern Irish peace process are analyzed. It is noted that neither Unionist nor Republican accounts accord a significant or positive role to civil society in the reaching of a political settlement. It is only in what might be called the metropolitan liberal perspective that influence is attributed to the role of civil society in achieving a settlement. Two junctures at which civil society, centered on the third sector, played a prominent role in the peace process are analyzed: the Opsahl Commission before the launch of the peace process in 1993 and the nonparty Yes campaign during the referendum on the Belfast Agreement in May 1998. The paper then goes on to discuss why the influence of civil society has declined since the referendum, and draws attention to the conflict between the top-down implications of the consociational nature of the Belfast Agreement and the bottom-up promotion of political accommodation through civil society.     

降价表述方式与消费者感知的降价幅度和购买意愿

降价的表述方式通常有相对于原价的百分比降幅和绝对减让幅度两种.本研究分析了这两种降价表述方式对消费者感知的降价幅度和购买意愿的影响,结果表明:在不同的产品价格水平和降价幅度下,这两种降价表述方式对感知降价幅度的影响是不同的.此外,对低价格产品,消费者对价格信息关注的程度会影响他们感知两种降价表述方式下的降价幅度.     

Screening procedures using quadratic forms

In quality control, a performance variable having a two-sided specification limit is common for assessing lot quality. Sometimes it is difficult or impossible to measure the performance variable directly; for example, when testing is destructive, expensive, or when the performance variable is related to the lifetime of the product. However, it may happen that there are several concomitant variables which are easily measured and which correlate highly with the variable of interest. Thus, one may use measurements on these variables to select or screen product which will have a high conditional probability of meeting product specification. We consider this situation when all variables have a joint multivariate normal distribution and the specification limits on the performance variable are two-sided.     

A Bivariate Generalization of Gamma Distribution

In this article, a bivariate generalisation of the gamma distribution is proposed by using an unsymmetrical bivariate characteristic function; an extension to the non central case also receives attention. The probability density functions of the product and ratio of the correlated components of this distribution are also derived. The benefits of introducing this generalized bivariate gamma distribution and the distributions of the product and the ratio of its components will be demonstrated by graphical representations of their density functions. An example of this generalized bivariate gamma distribution to rainfall data for two specific districts in the North West province is also given to illustrate the greater versatility of the new distribution.