基因序列专利正当性：美国论争与启示

美国专利政策及相关判例在＂亲专利＂与＂反专利＂之间摇摆不定,导致专利正当性论争不断,尤以基因领域专利正当性论争为盛。论争双方各执一词、分庭抗礼,两极立场无不从法律层面、专利政策以及群体利益等角度予以证立和驳斥。论争虽仁者见仁、智者见智,但不可避免地造成基因领域专利适格主题、专利效力等问题困惑不堪。如此情境下,唯有梳理主线,解决实际问题才更为明智。     

High-order extensions of the Double Chain Markov Model

The Double Chain Markov Model is a fully Markovian model for the representation of time-series in random environments. In this article, we show that it can handle transitions of high-order between both a set of observations and a set of hidden states. In order to reduce the number of parameters, each transition matrix can be replaced by a Mixture Transition Distribution model. We provide a complete derivation of the algorithms needed to compute the model. Three applications, the analysis of a sequence of DNA, the song of the wood pewee, and the behavior of young monkeys show that this model is of great interest for the representation of data that can be decomposed into a finite set of patterns.     

Extended pairwise local alignment of wild card DNA/RNA sequences using dynamic programming

Optimal string alignment is used to discover evolutionary relationships or mutations in DNA/RNA or protein sequences. Errors, missing parts or uncertainty in such a sequence can be covered with wild cards, so-called wild bases. This makes an alignment possible even when the data are corrupted or incomplete. The extended pairwise local alignment of wild card DNA/RNA sequences requires additional calculations in the dynamic programming algorithm and necessitates a subsequent best- and worst-case analysis for the wild card positions. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which solves the problem of input data wild cards, offers a highly flexible set of parameters and displays a detailed alignment output and a compact representation of the mutated positions of the alignment. An implementation of the algorithm can be obtained at https://github.com/sysbio-bioinf/swat+ and http://sysbio.uni-ulm.de/?Software:Swat+.     

Fitting Markov chain models to discrete state series such as DNA sequences

Discrete state series such as DNA sequences can often be modelled by Markov chains. The analysis of such series is discussed in the context of log-linear models. The data produce contingency tables with similar margins due to the dependence of the observations. However, despite the unusual structure of the tables, the analysis is equivalent to that for data from multinomial sampling. The reason why the standard number of degrees of freedom is correct is explained by using theoretical arguments and the asymptotic distribution of the deviance is verified empirically. Problems involved with fitting high order Markov chain models, such as reduced power and computational expense, are also discussed.     

企业DNA中的文化力

与生物体类似,企业也拥有其基因,了解这种基因有利于明确企业固有的特性,进而可以了解影响企业绩效的因素和原理.将企业基因与DNA模型相类比,研究对企业影响较大的四个因素(决策权、组织架构、激励机制和信息传导),可以构建出企业基因的模型,文化力作用于各因素之间,并对企业发展起着重要作用.     

“人天价值观”的历史进路和现实应用

＂人天价值观念＂是现当代人们通过社会实践方式在推动社会发展的历史进程中形成的主流性价值观念。这一价值观念的形成不是一蹴而就的,其间经过了肯定、否定和否定之否定的三个历史过程。而当代被人们看好的＂天人合一＂式的人天价值观念,就是历史上形成的人天价值观念发展的最新形态。在科学发展观成为主导性话语的现阶段,在以人为本价值诉求成为主导性诉求的当下,弘扬陕西省人民＂DNA管理文化＂中所蕴涵的＂性命天道价值观念＂,对于目前的全面小康社会发展目标的实现和和谐社会、和谐人格的建构不无裨益。     

多板纲动物的不同保存方法对基因组DNA提取的影响

为了探讨最佳的适合提取DNA的石鳖样本保方法,以日本花棘石鳖Liolophura japonica、日本宽板石鳖Placiphorella japonica、红条毛肤石鳖Acanthochiton ruhrolineatus、平濑锦石鳖Onithochiton hirasei、网纹鬃毛石鳖Mopalia retifera为实验材料,对其分别以甲醛浸泡、95%乙醇浸泡、-75℃超低温保存的样本进行基因组DNA提取.通过紫外分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳对DNA产物进行检测.结果表明：新鲜材料和用乙醇保存的样品比用-75℃超低温保存的样品提取出的DNA纯度和浓度都高,用甲醛浸泡的方法保存没有提取出DNA.结果表明,超低温保存适合用于DNA提取.但是由于条件限制,长距离外采集样本时适合于用乙醇保存,并且成本较低.     

基于粘贴和删除系统求解最小权生成树的DNA算法

最小权生成树是一类典型的NP完全问题.粘贴和删除模型是DNA计算的两个基本计算模型.利用粘贴和删除模型给出求解最小权生成树问题的DNA算法.     

透视科学技术引发的信任危机——以测谎仪、DNA亲子鉴定为视角

科学技术是一把双刃剑,它给人类社会带来了前所未有的物质文明和精神文明。与此同时,它的负面效应也日益凸显。其中,科技进步所引发的信任危机越来越受到人们的高度关注。以测谎仪、DNA亲子鉴定为切入点,梳理和把握科学技术引起的信任危机的典型表现、产生根源,并尝试提出相应的对策,力求为人们深化对科学技术的认识、培养理性的科学技术观提供有价值的理论参考。     

Using vulnerability performance indicators to attain food supply chain robustness

High effectiveness and leanness of modern supply chains (SCs) increase their vulnerability, i.e. susceptibility to disturbances reflected in non-robust SC performances. Both the SC management literature and SC professionals indicate the need for the development of SC vulnerability assessment tools. In this article, a new method for vulnerability assessment, the VULA method, is presented. The VULA method helps to identify how much a company would underperform on a specific Key Performance Indicator in the case of a disturbance, how often this would happen and how long it would last. It ultimately informs the decision about whether process redesign is appropriate and what kind of redesign strategies should be used in order to increase the SC's robustness. The applicability of the VULA method is demonstrated in the context of a meat SC using discrete-event simulation to conduct the performance analysis.