Ecological modernisation and discourses on rural non-wood bioenergy production in Finland from 1980 to 2005

Rural bioenergy production is currently a much debated question worldwide. It is closely connected to questions of environmental protection and rural development in both developing and industrial world. In Finland, rural bioenergy production has traditionally meant the production of wood fuels for heating purposes. The utilisation of forest biomasses is undiminished even today, and other biomasses are scarcely used for energy production. The purpose of this article is to discuss the possibility of widening the bioenergy production palette to include biomasses other than forest-based woody ones. This matter is approached from an environmental aspect using the concept of ecological modernisation. Empirical data is collected from two Finnish rural periodicals. The central analytical tool used in the analysis is discourse analysis. Four different periods of discursive variety, based on the contents of the analysed articles, could be identified from the data. In the first periods bioenergy talk was expert-driven and questions on non-wood bioenergy were dealt with varyingly. During the last period, a broad interest in rural bioenergy production evolved and more recognition was given to farmers' role as real energy producers. This raises hopes for a better future for rural non-wood bioenergy production in Finland.     

A play for rurality – Modernization versus local autonomy

It is common to understand the governing of rural space as the outcome of a conflict between some romantic protectors of a lost past on the one hand, and the people who worry about creating economic values on the other. However, the power to shape the rural should not only be searched for in the open struggle between protectors and developers, but also should be analysed at the level of discourse, in the play between discourses about how to deal with the rural. In this paper I therefore present a modernist discourse and demonstrate how taken-for-granted truths about the rural – its history, its present and its future – are made possible by this discourse. Secondly, I will reveal how rurality takes on a different meaning in an alternative to the modernist discourse, emphasizing local and regional autonomy. In demonstrating that rurality is contingent upon a play between these two discourses, I want to provide some new insights into an important force behind the persistence of ideas about rurality in Norway.     

积极语篇分析:和谐的态度韵律研究——以汉语导游讲解词为例

文章从语篇分析的新视角——积极语篇分析入手,以评价理论为框架,试图探寻在导游讲解词中,导游是如何缩短自身以及景点与游客之间的距离,从而达到宣传景点、传播文化的交际目的的。作为一个较新视角的积极语篇分析并没有固定的分析方法和模式,本文融合了语类理论、评价理论和态度韵律理论构建了态度韵律研究的分析模式,并将它运用到导游讲解词的分析中。通过研究本文发现导游讲解词作为一种机构语言确是语类的一种,是分阶段的具有目标朝向性的社会过程,并有其独特的语类结构。主要包括五个阶段:欢迎词、整体介绍、具体讲解、评价和欢送词。态度韵律是一个具有层级性的结构,存在于语篇之中,具有普遍共性,导游讲解篇词中的态度韵律有其特性。态度韵律的运作有着内在机制,态度韵律可分为发散韵、波浪韵和梯度韵三类,这三类结构具有动态平衡的特质,它们共同流动于语篇之中使其成为和谐统一的整体。      

结构性差异视角下的话语分析

有的学者把东西方文化之间对话存在障碍的主要原因归结为东西方之间的思想传统的结构性差异。中国人的思想具有互系性和通变的特点，而西方人秉持二元对应的思维传统。结构性差异视角下的话语分析可以在词汇、小句和价值观念三个层面上进行。实例分析验证了结构性差异是真实存在的，可使读者对所选语话材料有更加深刻细致的理解。     

“文学话语活动”理论剖析——兼论童本《教程》的编写

"文学话语活动"无疑是童庆炳主编的《文学理论教程》的一个理论亮点。它既追溯到文学研究的历史起点,又坚持了文学研究的逻辑起点,即文学话语活动自身。这一部分的论述体现出教材编写的理论个性。但也存在一些不足。文章希望通过对教材"文学话语活动"理论的具体剖析,有助于《教程》的进一步完善和教材的编写。     

结构-制度分析, 还是过程-事件分析? ———从多元话语分析的视角看

"过程-事件分析"(或"实践社会学")的倡导者批评"结构-制度分析"把社会现实当作一种静态的结构来加以看待,因而不能揭示社会生活的真实奥秘。他们主张只有采用"过程-事件分析"的研究策略,把社会现实当作一种动态的、流动的过程来加以看待,才能够对社会现实作出更为适当的描述和理解。"结构-制度分析"的倡导者则对此种看法进行了严正的反驳。其实,从多元话语分析学者的立场来看,这两种研究策略都只不过是我们可以用来建构社会现实的两种不同的话语系统而已。在它们的引导和约束之下,我们能够采用不同的话语策略来对社会现实做出不同的话语建构。但对于这两种话语系统及人们在它们各自的引导和约束之下所完成的那些话语建构之间到底孰优孰劣这样的问题,我们却难以做出绝对的判断和回答。     

人道主义和反人道主义的知识论或真理观——以詹姆士与福柯为例

以詹姆士为代表的人道主义知识论或真理观认为,真理是人为的结果,并且造出来是给人用的;以福柯为代表的反人道主义的知识论或真理观认为,每一个话语实践都可以由它所形成的知识来确定,而话语实践总是和权力联系在一起。因此,知识或真理是由权力造就的。在这两种知识论或真理观中,福柯的知识论或真理观显得更为合理。实际上,知识或真理是在人的实践中产生的,并由人的实践效果来衡量,这就决定了知识或真理的社会基础和社会属性。     

Talking of HRD

This paper draws upon research exploring the emergence of HRD within the British National Health Service (NHS), the aim being to investigate how HRD has been talked into being, is talked about and accomplished through talk. HRD is conceptualized as a socialand discursive construction, and as discursive action. It is argued that conceptualizing HRD as a social and discursive construction can help identify and explain changes in ways of thinking and talking about HRD. Conceptualizing HRD as discursive action can help explain and justify HRD activity, in that much of what HRD practitioners and academics ‘do’ is ‘talk’. This paper explores these concepts and introduces a typology of the discourses of training and development (T&D), HRD and strategic HRD (SHRD), labelled Tell, Sell and Gel. It is suggested that this typology is a useful analytical tool for those practising HRD, providing ameans for HRD professionals to identify and analyse, and possibly change, their practices and discourse(s). The paper introduces a way of identifying how HRD might be talked ‘about’ and theorizes how discursive activities (the talk) might be changing.     

TRANSFORMING DISCOURSE INTO PRACTICE: COMPUTERHYSTORIES AND DIGITAL CULTURES AROUND 1984

This paper discusses some theoretical approaches to the question of how culture, technologies and the social interact. These considerations result from the author' research in the genesis of digital cultures in the 1980s. The paper begins by outlining the author' research project, and then continues with a discussion of some of the most influential approaches in the cultural studies of technology.This article then presents a small sample of the author' analysis, which combines narratological and discourse analytical methods with practice-oriented cultural theories, such as those of Pierre Bourdieu, Régis Debray and Bruno Latour.     

QUEER TREASONS: HOMOSEXUALITY AND IRISH NATIONAL IDENTITY

Queer Treasons suggests how and why homosexuality has been placed outside the limited discourse of what constitutes ‘Irishness.’ I argue that, since the early part of the twentieth century, homosexuality has been represented as ‘foreign’ to nationalisms in Ireland, particularly when the borders of the nation are perceived to be under threat. I further suggest that the threat of homosexuals, as represented in Irish political discourse, points more generally toward an instability in the discourses of nation itself.