模糊语言在商务英语谈判中的妙用

本文分析模糊语言在商务英语谈判中的语用功能及其应用策略。     

社会主义市场经济与人的独立自主性——兼论当代中国人的自主性

人的独立自主性是个历史性生成过程。在社会主义市场经济发展阶段,社会主义市场经济与人的独立自主性二者互相依存,前者为后者提供充分发展的机会与条件,后者对前者的形成和发展起着重要作用。针对当代中国的实际情况而言,由于社会组织发育程度还不成熟,人的独立自主性还有待培育。正视此问题,找到解决它的基本思路,才能有助于中国人和社会的同步发展,并最终实现中国人的发展。     

转型期多元福利实践与整体性福利理论框架

中国社会处于结构转型与社会现代化过程中,个人福利与社会秩序关系议题突出。在经济市场化和福利社会化的处境下,国家、市场、社区和家庭均对个人福利产生重大影响,其中劳动市场和国家再分配对个人福利影响最为重要。转型期多元主义社会福利实践证明:现有社会福利理论模式难以解释“混合经济”体制下的福利特征,“整体性”福利制度框架与政策模式应运而生。最后,笔者讨论“整体性”福利概念框架的现实、政策与理论涵义。     

技术进步与经济适度人口

以人口经济学理论为基础,分别研究了三类技术进步与经济适度人口的关系,并用实证数据加以检验,进而指出:技术进步对经济适度人口的影响是复杂的,既有增加就业的正效应,又有减少就业的负效应,而正确选择并推广应用新技术,同时给予适当的政策引导,技术进步就可以有效地增加经济适度人口。     

西安市人口年龄结构变动趋势对老年消费市场需求的影响分析

人作为消费活动的主体,其内部结构的变化必然会导致消费的变化。本文通过对西安市人口年龄结构的变动、老年人口收入来源及消费行为的分析,发现西安市人口结构的变化对老年消费市场需求既有积极的促进作用,也有消极的负面影响。提出政府与企业应厘清人口变动与消费之间的关系,扬长避短,尽可能发挥其积极影响作用,以促进扩大老年消费市场的需求。     

Sequencing of emphases on technology alliances and internal R&D: The effects of the market cycle

How does the market reward technological firms' emphases on alliancing and R&D strategies depending on the phase in the market cycle? I use the 1990s’ “dot-com bubble” cycle and its burst after 2000 to look for joint effects of technology alliances and internal R&D investments on firm market valuations. I show that the existing theory is incomplete without considering (1) the temporal sequencing of emphases on technology alliances and R&D, and (2) the phase in the market cycle. I show that different phases of the market cycle reward different temporal sequences of emphases on technology alliances and internal R&D. This paper contributes to the theory of complementarity of alliances and R&D by pointing out previously unexplored factors that make technology alliances and R&D investments either complements or substitutes.     

Understanding the Price Effects of the MillerCoors Joint Venture

We document abrupt increases in retail beer prices just after the consummation of the MillerCoors joint venture, both for MillerCoors and its major competitor, Anheuser‐Busch. Within the context of a differentiated‐products pricing model, we test and reject the hypothesis that the price increases can be explained by movement from one Nash–Bertrand equilibrium to another. Counterfactual simulations imply that prices after the joint venture are 6%–8% higher than they would have been with Nash–Bertrand competition, and that markups are 17%–18% higher. We relate the results to documentary evidence that the joint venture may have facilitated price coordination.     

From institutional segmentation to market fragmentation: Institutional transformation and the shifting stratification order in urban China

Focusing on the changing roles of organizations, this study develops an institutional framework to examine the shifting stratification order since the mid-1990s in urban China. We argue that, after the mid-1990s, the Chinese state led a dual process of institutional transformation. On the one hand, the state dismantled the socialist redistributive system and broke down institutional segmentation based on organizational ownership and bureaucratic rank. On the other hand, the state developed different markets with various paces and strategies, resulting in fragmented market environments. In this context, reformed organizations interacted with heterogeneous market conditions to exert different impacts on multiple dimensions of social inequality. We draw empirical evidence from two national survey data collected in 1994 and 2003 during a critical period. Our findings show that the foundation of the stratification order has shifted from institutional segmentation to market fragmentation in urban China. This study calls for substantive institutional analysis to better understand the intricate landscape of social inequality in transitional economies.     

Economic transition,school expansion and educational inequality in China, 1990–2000

This paper examines the trends in educational stratification during China's economic reforms in the 1990s. Based on the sample data of population censuses in 1990 and 2000, school-age children were matched to their parents’ background information, and the effects of family background on their school enrollment and continuation were investigated. Results show that despite the substantial expansion of educational opportunities in the decade, family background continues to play an important role in determining school enrollment status and school transitions. During the decade, children of rural-hukou status became more disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status on school enrollment was enhanced. Despite the fact that children of rural-hukou status gained relatively more opportunities at junior high school level, as a result of nationwide saturation at the 9-year compulsory education, the rural–urban gap in the likelihood of transition to senior high school level enlarged, and the effect of their father's socioeconomic status increased—even after controlling for regional variations in economic development.     

大学生就业难问题：国外的研究与经验

大学毕业生就业形势严峻已经成为近年来我国社会面临的一个突出问题。大学生就业难并非中国所特有的现象．国际上很多国家都曾经经历过或现今仍然面临着这一难题。本文选取欧、美、日以及印度等典型国家曾经经历过的大学生就业难问题进行分析．探究这些国家大学生就业上出现的问题、原因以及在实际的政策操作中所积累的成型的经验。这无疑对我国现阶段大学生就业政策指向的确定、教育体系的改进、就业指导的完善、职业教育的改革发展等都有一定的借鉴意义。