COMPETITION AND GENDER PREJUDICE: ARE DISCRIMINATORY EMPLOYERS DOOMED TO FAIL?

According to Becker's famous theory on discrimination (Gary Becker, 1957 , The Economics of Discrimination, University of Chicago Press), entrepreneurs with a strong prejudice against female workers forgo profits by submitting to their tastes. In a competitive market their firms lack efficiency and are therefore forced to leave. We present new empirical evidence for this prediction by studying the survival of start‐up firms in longitudinal matched employer–employee data. We find that firms with strong preferences for discrimination approximated by a low share of female employees relative to the industry average have significantly shorter survival rates. This is especially relevant for firms starting out with female shares in the lower tail of the distribution. Competition at the industry level additionally reduces firm survival and accelerates the rate at which prejudiced firms are weeded out. We also find evidence for employer learning as highly discriminatory start‐up firms that manage to survive submit to market powers and increase their female workforce over time.     

Gender effect on housework allocation: Evidence from Spanish two-earner couples

In this paper we study the reasons behind the asymmetric distribution of housework within Spanish two-earner couples. Spouses' housework times are estimated jointly in a bivariate framework using data from the 1991 Work Situation and Time Use Survey. In order to understand the impact of gender-specific factors on the observed allocation of housework, we perform estimations that are in line with the Oaxaca decomposition. Our results suggest that the unequal division of domestic work between wives and husbands in our sample is mainly explained by gender-specific effects rather than by differences in their observable characteristics. All correspondence to Daniel Miles. We thank Juan F. Jimeno, a co-editor and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and the Spanish Instituto de la Mujer for providing us with the data. Financial support from the Cátedra de Estudios Feministas-Caixanova and from the Spanish Dirección General de Ense?anza Superior, grant number BEC2001-1270, is also gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Daniel S. Hamermesh.     

On human capital formation with exit options

We explore the relationship between economic volatility and human capital formation within a context of migration. We show that increased variability may raise the average educational level of the population even after netting out expected migration. In particular, we demonstrate that this is the case when individuals' abilities and the economy-wide shock are uniformly distributed. We thank Frédéric Docquier, Pascal Lévy-Garboua, Abraham Lioui, and two anonymous referees for their comments. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.     

Time preference and capital mobility in an OLG model with land

This paper examines the pattern of capital mobility in a two-country overlapping generations world in which production uses three inputs: capital, labor and land. The steady-state welfare consequences of opening countries to financial capital or labor mobility are then compared. In particular, it is shown that capital mobility does not equalize standards of living across countries. To achieve this goal, one has to rely on labor mobility. Received: 8 January 1996 / Accepted: 6 June 1996     

The empowerment of women,fertility, and child mortality: Towards a theoretical analysis

This paper examines one avenue through which female autonomy impinges on fertility and child mortality in developing countries. A simple model is set out in which couples are motivated to have children for old age security purposes. The decisions of a couple regarding fertility and allocation of resources for the healthcare of their children are made within a bargaining framework. An increase in female autonomy translating into an increase in the relative bargaining power or the threat point utility of mothers is shown to reduce fertility and also to reduce child mortality rates. Paradoxically, the increase in female autonomy within a household may increase the disadvantage suffered by female children in that household with respect to survival. Received: 4 August 1999/Accepted: 7 September 2000     

16层螺旋CT对肝脓肿的临床诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨16层螺旋CT对肝脓肿的临床诊断价值。方法选择40例肝脓肿患者,对其进行16层螺旋CT平扫、门静脉期及动脉期检查。结果患者病灶出现于肝脏左叶12例,肝脏右叶20例,多发8例。病灶呈略低密度影或低密度影,主要为类圆形,3例病灶内部呈现出气体影。结论16层螺旋CT扫描可以有效显示出肝脓肿的病理情况,为临床确诊提供了有效的影像学参考。     

The sensitivity of developing countries to external shocks in an interdependent world

North-South interdependence is illustrated by means of a general equilibrium model, in which the rural and urban sectors are treated entirely separately and urban real wages are downward rigid. We explain why such an approach may be more meaningful for long-run analysis than one that stresses the role of demand. The model's properties are illustrated by a theoretical analysis based on a simplified version of the system, and by simulations based on assumptions made by World Bank Staff in the 1983 World Development Report.     

Asset markets and foreign exchange intervention: A model of the Belgo-Luxemburg economic union

In this article a general formulation of government intervention policies in the foreign exchange market is integrated in the framework of an asset market model. The policy reaction function is based on a trade off between exchange rate and reserve stock fluctuations; constant exchange rates and a pure float are derived as limiting cases of the intervention schedule. An exchange rate equation is derived from the short run portfolio equilibrium of the model and is successfully tested using data for the Belgo-Luxemburg Economic Union (1967–1979). Our policy conclusions contrast the European Snake constraints for the Belgian Franc with Artus's findings (IMF Staff Papers XXIII(2), July 1976) for the leading DM.     

关于部分大学生对召开十六大思想状况的调查报告

本文介绍了对部分大学生关于召开党的十六大的思想状况问卷调查的大量数据 ,通过对数据的分析认为 ,在大学生中宣传江泽民“七一”讲话精神是有成效的 ;推进“三个代表”重要思想“三进”的任务还很繁重 ;正确评价我国党风廉政建设的现状、如何树立大学生反腐败的信心 ,是当前大学生思想政治教育的难点 ;必须高度重视稳定工作     

怎样深刻理解"三个代表"重要思想的历史地位

"三个代表"重要思想是系统的科学理论,是对马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展。党的十六大把"三个代表"确立为我们党必须长期坚持的指导思想,对于全面开创社会主义事业的新局面会产生积极重要的作用。