政府权威下的有限妥协--政策执行的三方行动分析

政策执行是一个动态复杂的过程,其间涉及三个主要的变量:政策决策者、执行者和目标群体。按照洛伊的分类,政策可以分为构成性政策、分配性政策、规制性政策、再分配性政策。不同类型的政策中三方变量的关系和行动各不相同,表现出复杂的特征。总体来看,政策三方之间是在最高中央权威下互相之间有效妥协的结果。然而,妥协可以分为积极妥协和消极妥协,消极妥协是政策实施效力减损的重要原因,消极妥协导致严重的政策执行亏空。     

Public expenditure in the UK: how measures matter

Summary.  Studying spending over time requires reliable data. It is not clear that such data exist in the UK, however. The two published sources of functional spending numbers—the Office for National Statistics's 'blue book' and Her Majesty's Treasury's Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA)—rely on estimates of past spending, using a link year method, rather than recalculating actual spending figures when functional definitions change. We assess the various measures of spending in the UK. Specifically, we do two things. First, we present a new, third, set of spending numbers applying temporally consistent functional definitions to PESA microdata. Second, we compare the three measures. Our analyses indicate that the Office for National Statistics and PESA data differ quite markedly, especially for certain functions, i.e. in some cases the two measures imply completely different histories. The differences between the original PESA data and our new measures are less pronounced on average, though significant differences are evident, especially year by year.     

ESS presidential address, 1995—invisible differences: On the management of children in postindustrial society

Drawing on data gathered through qualitative techniques, I suggest that the management of problems faced by children with a specific invisible neurological difference, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, teaches us about problematic areas of postindustrial society. I pay particular attention to how members of the children's and parents' separate moral universes assign stigma and to such behavioral-management techniques as patterned scheduling and “super-momming.” The problematic areas of contemporary life that I identify include the call for social conformity in the face of an ostensible demand for flexible social arrangements. Presidential Address delivered to Eastern Sociological Society, Philadelphia, PA, April 1, 1995.     

Africa's Rising Demand for Wheat: Trends,Drivers, and Policy Implications

This article analyses trends in wheat consumption and imports in sub‐Saharan Africa since 1980, and estimates the economic and demographic determinants of this rising demand for wheat. Results point to rising incomes, growing populations, and increasing women's labour‐force participation as key drivers. Urban wheat‐expenditure shares generally exceed rural ones and SSA's demand is met largely by imports and partly through domestic production on large‐scale farms. Rising demand may therefore entail few farm–non‐farm synergies and minimal prospects to spur broad‐based economic development. The article concludes by discussing policy options for African countries to meet their staple food needs while also promoting pro‐poor agricultural growth.     

Europeanization,democratic deficit and the constitutional debate in Estonia

Using the tools of quantitative as well as qualitative discourse analysis, the article examines the patterns of politicization and Europeanization of the Estonian print media debate on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE) during the reflection period between June 2005 and July 2007. The study arrives at the conclusion that the motive of deliberation behind the reflection period was channelled into an old habit of preferring efficiency, speed, and rationality over the principles of democratic deliberation and participation. Although a certain level of horizontal Europeanization of the media debate was detected, this was accompanied by a low level of politicization, resulting in a passive mode of argumentation and a minimum degree of debate.     

化解村级债务的对策研究

村级债务问题是乡村治理结构中的难题 ,村级债务能否化解 ?如何化解 ?从实证分析来看 ,村级债务问题能解决 ,但必须依靠以下几点 :村级治理结构的简化 ;创造一定的村级集体收入应付公共开支 ;妥善推行村帐乡管政策     

中国地方政府的财政支出与财政效率竞争

 现有文献大都讨论地方政府之间的财政支出竞争，而忽视了它们之间的财政效率竞争，以及两者之间竞争模式的差异。本文首先使用数据包络法测算了我国209个地级市的财政效率，然后运用空间计量模型对比分析了财政支出和财政效率的空间竞争模式。结果发现，地方政府的财政支出和财政效率都存在竞争，但是两者的竞争模式截然不同。总体上，地方政府在财政支出竞争中采用直接竞争模式，而财政效率竞争表现为间接竞争模式，本文对此现象做出了解释。为了提到政府的财政效率，需要确保“用脚投票”机制产生作用，并将财政效率纳入考核标准，促使地方官员不能忽视财政效率的空间对比。     

我国高等教育财政投入二元模式与政府责任承担

本文分析了我国现行高等教育财政投入政策二元模式特征及其导致的问题,指出政府财政投入总量不足和结构失衡是二元模式的深层次原因。借鉴其他国家的实践经验,从政府合理承担高等教育责任的角度,提出进一步完善高等教育财政投入政策的对策思路。     

财政支农支出对农业产出影响的实证分析——以湖北省为例

描述了湖北省财政支农力度和构成，并分析了财政支农支出与农业GDP比重的相关性。对财政支农支出和农业总产值序列的平稳性及相互之间的协整关系进行了检验，得出两者不存在协整关系的结论。最后，利用自回归分布滞后模型分析了财政支农支出与农业产出之间的关系。     

Output-volatility reducing effects of automatic stabilizers: Policy implications for EMU member states

In this paper, we empirically explore the output-volatility reducing impact of automatic stabilizers and look in detail at their policy implications for selected EMU member states comprising Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain for the period 1995–2017. Overall, the results suggest that automatic stabilizers deliver a statistically significant, but fairly weak, counter-effect on output volatility in the short run. More specifically, output-volatility responses to automatic stabilizers by a reduction between −0.012 and −0.097 percentage points depending on the proxy measure used for automatic stabilizers. However, the automatic stabilizing impact from taxes and government spending is statistically insignificant in the long run. The results point to two main policy implications: i) automatic stabilizers are an important fiscal mechanism just for the short-run output stabilization, but their output-volatility offsetting role and power are largely subject to proxy measures used for automatic stabilizers; ii) no matter what proxy measures are used, automatic stabilizers largely produce a weak stabilizing performance in dampening short-term output volatility. So, from a macroeconomic policy standpoint, it can be safely claimed that automatic stabilizers can just be an integral part of discretionary fiscal policy rather than being an alternative to it.