财政资金"双框架"监管体系的构建——基于脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的视角

脱贫攻坚战胜利收官是全面建成小康社会取得决定性成就的关键,而财政资金在脱贫攻坚的伟大历程中发挥了基础性的物质保障作用。为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,实现同乡村振兴的有效衔接,中国将在五年过渡期内,保持原有政策及资金力度不减,并将原中央财政专项扶贫资金更名为"中央财政衔接推进乡村振兴补助资金",让其在以乡村振兴为平台的相对贫困治理中继续发挥基础性作用。为此,需从资金监管的角度,分别以问题和效率为导向,为这部分财政资金构建起"双框架"监管体系。一方面基于中国特色反贫困理论构建资金监管体系的理论框架,另一方面根据财政资金投入使用安全、规范的需要构建资金监管体系的实际运行框架,二者相辅相成,共同构成财政资金"双框架"监管体系,促进财政资金监管效能提升。     

国际资本约束与顺周期财政政策

本文首次建立理论模型证明了国际资本约束是发展中国家顺周期财政政策形成的重要动因。同时基于125个发展中国家1960-2016年的面板数据，得到了与理论预期一致且稳健的经验证据：发展中国家呈现出顺周期财政政策的典型事实。在充分考虑内生性问题，引入加权的贸易伙伴实际GDP增长率和加权的美国国债实际收益率作为有效工具变量后，这一结论仍然成立；主权信用评级每下调1个级别，顺周期财政政策倾向将会增加5.83%。这种国际资本市场的劣势地位所引致的国际资本强约束，是发展中国家采用顺周期财政政策的关键原因。本文的研究在经验上丰富了关于发展中国家顺周期财政政策成因的讨论，为深化发展中国家之间的国际合作与互助提供了政策启示。     

Determinants of state long-term debt: The political market framework

Because it focuses on the moderating role of political institutions – which emphasize equilibrium policy outcomes under different institutional arrangements derived from the interaction of policy supply and demand – the political market framework provides useful insights for analyzing the determinants of state long-term debt. Thus, different types of state political institutions should affect the degree of long-term debt in terms of specific demands and supply. Despite the numerous studies that have either applied the political market approach to local governments in policy areas or have analyzed the determinants of long-term debt from only a financial management perspective, few studies have applied the political market framework to state governments. Thus, adopting a state financial management perspective and conducting a panel data analysis using state data from 1980 to 2014, this study identifies the reasons why state governments act on long-term obligations in terms of the political market framework. This study also aims to expand the application of the political market framework to state governments and to integrate determinants of state long-term indebtedness.     

Australia saved from the financial crisis by policy or by exports?

There is general agreement that Australia weathered the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) better than many other advanced countries. There is less agreement as to why. In popular discussion, fiscal policy and continued strong export demand have been championed, with less support for monetary policy. But there is little formal empirical work which disentangles the relative contributions of these three factors. It is the purpose of this paper to make a start in this direction. It does so within the framework of a small vector-autoregressive model. The main finding is that the three factors together actually exacerbated the effects of the GFC on average over the 2009–2011 period, with most of the blame falling on fiscal policy. This seemingly anomalous finding is further explored and explained by households’ response to cash hand-outs which were saved and not spent; indeed, it is conjectured that they took cash hand-outs and government predictions of doom as indicators that bad times were ahead and saved rather than spent in response.     

Spillover effects of taxes on government debt: a spatial panel approach

It is claimed that tax policy is neither time- nor space-independent due to cross-border tax base mobility, which induces spillovers. Specifically, fiscal shocks in one country are supposed to have an impact on fiscal policies in other countries. Different types of taxes influence economies differently. This paper addresses the question of their impact on government debt. Within a framework of spatial econometric modeling, we evaluate the impact of capital, labor and consumption taxes on public debt in 34 European countries in 2002–2011, and find strong spatial spillovers. We show that a consumption tax and, to a lesser degree, a capital tax significantly affect the sovereign debt, and that the global relations play a leading role (i.e. dominate the local ones) in shaping fiscal policy.     

How effective are countercyclical policy tools in mitigating the impact of financial and economic crises in Africa?

Using panel vector auto regression (PVAR) and GMM estimates we provide evidence for the transmission of financial crises to African economies through foreign direct investments and exports. Although many countries resort to stimulus packages to mitigate the impacts of financial crises, we find no evidence for fiscal policy to be considered an effective countercyclical policy tool in the African context. Monetary policy could be an effective tool in mitigating the impact in non-resource rich SSA countries, but not in others. Limited policy space calls for African economies to reconsider their policies towards trade, investment, finance and macroeconomic management.     

The Working Families’ Tax Credit and Some European Tax Reforms in A Collective Setting

A framework for simplified implementation of the collective model of labor supply decisions is presented in the context of fiscal reforms in the UK. Through its collective form the model accounts for the well known problem of distribution between wallet and purse, a broadly debated issue which has so far been impossible to model due to the limitations of the unitary model of household behavior. A calibrated data set is used to model the effects of introducing two forms of the Working Families’ Tax Credit. We also summarize results of estimations and calibrations obtained using the same methodology on data from five other European countries. The results underline the importance of taking account of the intrahousehold decision process and suggest that who receives government transfers does matter from the point of view of labor supply and welfare of household members. They also highlight the need for more research into models of household behavior.

基本公共服务、财政分权与县域经济发展

本文以经济增长、产业结构升级、城乡收入收敛为县域经济发展的主要衡量指标,同时在考虑地区异质性特征的基础上,实证研究基本公共服务和财政分权对县域经济发展的影响。基于河南省108个县2005-2015年面板数据,使用动态空间计量模型及面板数据模型的实证结果显示：从整体上看,基本公共服务水平提升与财政分权有助于县域经济发展;从按财政属性进行县域分类的视角看,上述支撑作用主要表现在不具有特殊财政属性的普通县层面;从按经济水平分类视角看,这种支撑作用主要作用于经济基础好的中心县与经济落后的农区县;从按地理位置分类视角看,临近市辖区的县更好的发挥了上述支撑作用,形成了依托市辖区发展的“溢出效应”。     

Discrete choice models of labour supply,behavioural microsimulation and the Spanish tax reforms

The aim of the present study is to show the potential of behavioural microsimulation models as powerful tools for the ex ante evaluation of public policies. We analyse the impact of recent Spanish income tax reforms upon efficiency and household and social welfare and study the effects of various (basic-income and vital-minimum) flat tax schemes. The analysis is performed using a microsimulation model in which labour supply is explicitly taken into account. Instead of following the traditional continuous approach (Hausman, Labour supply, Aaron and Pechman (eds.), How Taxes Affect Economic Behaviour, The Brooking Institution, Washington, DC, 1981; Econometrica, 53: 1255–1282, 1985; Taxes and labour supply, Auerbach and Feldstein, (eds.), Handbook of Public Economics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, vol. 1, 1979), we estimate the direct utility function employing the methodology proposed by Aaberge et al. (Scand. J. Econ., 97: 635–659, 1995) and Van Soest (J. Hum. Resour., 30: 63–88, 1995). We maintain population heterogeneity by applying a social welfare analysis to the complete sample, rather than merely focusing on the active population. The source of our data is a sample of Spanish individuals in the 1995 wave of the EC Household Panel. We find that the redistribution policies considered have only had a minor impact on economic efficiency but, by contrast, have significantly affected social welfare. An erratum to this article can be found at