灵活行为的法律规范性

在现代法治社会里,法律规范是原则性与灵活性相结合这一行为方法运用的产物,法律规范赋予了行为主体以适当的灵活行为限度。以违法的方式,在法律规范之外寻求非法的灵活行为空间有违法治原则和法治精神。在现实行为过程中,究竟是以法律规范规制灵活的行为,还是以灵活的行为冲破法律规范?特别是在创新成为时代的主题、与时俱进成为永恒的追求、法律规范的确定性受到怀疑的时候,如何理解符合法律规范的灵活行为?如何避免假创新真违规?有助于信仰法治的人们正确理解和运用原则性与灵活性相结合的经典性行为方法。     

添加剂分子结构对减阻性能的影响及减阻效果的试验结果

本文首先分析了高分子结构对减阻性能的影响,然后通过试验研究找到了一种可供食用的新型湍流减阻添加剂(代号为PSA)。它易溶于水,在通常流动雷诺数下具有15%左右的减阻效果,为在食用系统和生物医学等某些特定领域中应用添加剂减阻技术开辟了新的前景。     

Perfectionism and Choice

Empirical evidence suggests that perfectionism can affect choice behavior. When striving for perfection, a person can desire to keep normatively appealing options feasible even if she persistently fails to use these options later. For instance, she can “pay not to go to the gym,” as in DellaVigna and Malmendier (2006). By contrast, some perfectionists may avoid normatively important tasks for fear of negative self‐evaluation of their performance. This paper models perfectionist behaviors in Gul and Pesendorfer's (2001) menu framework where agents may be tempted to deviate from their long‐term normative objectives. In addition to self‐control costs, I identify a utility component that reflects emotional costs and benefits of perfectionism. My model is derived from axioms imposed on preferences over menus in an essentially unique way.     

Measurement Equivalence Using Generalizability Theory: An Examination of Manufacturing Flexibility Dimensions

As the field of decision sciences in general and operations management in particular has matured from theory building to theory testing over the past two decades, it has witnessed an explosion in empirical research. Much of this work is anchored in survey‐based methodologies in which data are collected from the field in the form of scale items that are then analyzed to measure latent unobservable constructs. It is important to assess the invariance of scales across groups in order to reach valid, scientifically sound conclusions. Because studies have often been conducted in the field of decision sciences with small sample sizes, it further exacerbates the problem of reaching incorrect conclusions. Generalizability theory can more effectively test for measurement equivalence in the presence of small sample sizes than the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tests that have been conventionally used for assessing measurement equivalency across groups. Consequently, we introduce and explain the generalizability theory (G‐theory) in this article to examine measurement equivalence of 24 manufacturing flexibility dimension scales that have been published in prior literature and also compare and contrast G‐theory with CFA. We show that all the manufacturing flexibility scales tested in this study were invariant across the three industry SIC groups from which data were collected. We strongly recommend that G‐theory should always be used for determining measurement equivalence in empirical survey‐based studies. In addition, because using G‐theory alone does not always reveal the complete picture, CFA techniques for establishing measurement equivalence should also be invoked when sample sizes are large enough to do so. Implications of G‐theory for practice and its future use in operations management and decision sciences research are also presented.     

Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System

Complex engineering systems are usually designed to last for many years. Such systems will face many uncertainties in the future. Hence the design and deployment of these systems should not be based on a single scenario, but should incorporate flexibility. Flexibility can be incorporated in system architectures in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available. Incorporating flexibility comes, however, at a cost. To evaluate if this cost is worth the investment a real options analysis can be carried out. This approach is demonstrated through analysis of a case study of a previously developed static system-of-systems for maritime domain protection in the Straits of Malacca. This article presents a framework for dynamic strategic planning of engineering systems using real options analysis and demonstrates that flexibility adds considerable value over a static design. In addition to this it is shown that Monte Carlo analysis and genetic algorithms can be successfully combined to find solutions in a case with a very large number of possible futures and system designs.     

《孙子兵法》的动态思维与战略柔性思想

从战略管理角度看,基于实际经验和理性分析的《孙子兵法》有其系统和完整的战略思想体系,体现了动荡环境中组织发展和演变的“柔性化”特色。本文在对《孙子兵法》战略管理基本思想特性进行分析的基础上,将其对动态环境的战略分析和据此产生的战略柔性思想作为重点问题进行了研究与分析。希望通过对我国传统管理理论与思想的研究,寻求东西方管理理论与实践之间的共同点和其发展与演变的基本规律。     

Increasing flexibility in shiftwork arrangements

Abstract

Renewed interest in increasing flexibility in working time arrangements derives from both social and economic changes. The dominant reasons for greater flexibility in shiftwork arrangements relate to diverse business demands resulting from competitive pressures and rapid technological change, modern workers' personal preferences about the timing of work, and the reduction in hours of work. Many new patterns are applied to meet these demands. A review of innovative patterns reveals their close link with shorter working hours and diversifying career needs. Typical patterns include (a) hours averaging schemes, (b) flexible daily hours, (c) individualized free time schemes. (d) flexitime plus shift systems, (e) a combination of full-time and part-time systems, (f) job sharing, (g) temporary transfer to day work, and (h) career break schemes. Attention is drawn to multi-skilling of workers associated with more independent responsibility and closer communication. Changes to a flexible pattern are usually a result of consultations that respond to the conflicting interests of employers and workers. Support is necessary for a process of informed joint planning. Particularly useful are: (1) identification of operational demands and individual preferences about increasing flexibility in work schedules; (2) presentation of available options with information on implications for workers' health and social life; and (3) facilitating training and group consultation. The adjustments required depend greatly on how the tasks of individual workers are reorganized. In increasing the flexibility of shift schedules, it is important to learn from positive experiences of joint optimization of work content and working time arrangements.     

从“上善若水”看老子的理想人格

以水为喻是先秦思想家的一个共同思维特点。相比先秦时期的其他思想家,老子对水的认识是比较深刻的。他不是简单地用水这个喻体来比附其理想人格,而是从水的特性中寻找出其内在规律和逻辑关系,以水为脉建构起了自己的理想人格。     

论社会主义时期民族问题的长期性、复杂性——对苏联民族危机的几点思考

苏联解体的历史悲剧,以惨重的代价给人们以重要启示:社会主义时期,民族问题不仅依然存在,而且是与社会主义国家巩固、统一命运悠关的大问题。从民族存在和发展的一般规律、旧时代民族遗产的影响以及民族矛盾性质的认识与处理等方面看,社会主义时期民族问题的长期性、复杂性不容忽视。     

Discourses of flexibility and the rise of the 'Temp industry,or, How I met the 'Kelly Girl' commuting between public and private

This paper argues that multinational Temporary Help Service (THS) firms use gender narratives to sell labor as flexible and in doing so, they proliferate the flexibilization of labor on a global scale and contribute to economic restructuring. How do global processes become daily lived experience? In this article, it is argued that the Temporary Help Service industry expands and maintains a flexible labor force by referring to the multiple identities of women workers. This process is visible in the print advertisements produced by the industry: 943 advertisements which appeared between 1980 and 1990 were analyzed to show how the industry relies on the trope of white womanhood to position and sell its product.