Confusion behind the dikes

Twenty years ago Dutch society was hit by a serious rise of unemployment that put the Dutch welfare state to the test: Should the welfare state be able to preserve full employment and prevent unemployment from becoming high and chronic as in the 1930s? And should the welfare state be able to prevent mass poverty as in the 1930s? The answers are well known. The ‘Dutch welfare state has not been able to forestall persistent high unemployment and, in fact, has more or less produced a dual society (Zweidrit-telgesellschaft, sociéte à deux vitesses), although without producing mass poverty. This article goes into three issues related to these developments. A bird's-eye view is presented of the unemployment trajectory of the 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. The position of the Netherlands relative to other countries in Europe is unfolded. Some issues concerning the effects of chronic unemployment on the functioning of the Dutch political economy are presented.     

Keep out of the reach of children: parental unemployment and children's accident risks in Sweden 1991–1993

In the early 1990s, unemployment levels increased dramatically in Sweden. Although the effects of unemployment on unemployed individuals are well-documented, research on parental unemployment and children has been neglected. The aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between parental unemployment and children's accident risks in Sweden for the period 1991–1993. Two independent samples are used: the Swedish Level of Living Survey 1991 (original sample 6,733 individuals) and the Swedish Longitudinal Study among Unemployed 1992–1993 (original sample 792). The samples were taken during periods of both low and high unemployment. The results indicate that parental unemployment is associated with increased accident risks among children in 1991, 1992 and 1993. The increased risks do not seem to be due to the effects of adverse selection into unemployment on parental well-being, financial difficulties or alcohol consumption. It is also suggested that low parental well-being is of causal significance within the unemployed group.     

Unemployment and education mismatch in the EU before and after the financial crisis

This paper investigates whether general formal education still helps youth avoid situations of unemployment and inactivity in favour of other labour force statuses (dependent employment, self-employment, education) across EU countries over the period 2006–2010. In a second step, we analyse whether the relationship between education and the labour statuses above is affected by different degrees of country-level education mismatch. Our results show that after the outbreak of the crisis and in countries with high educational mismatch there is an additional reduction in unemployment risk for highly educated people that is accompanied by a higher probability of being an employee than of remaining in education.     

法国社会保障水平的经济效应分析及启示

通过对法国社会保障水平与相关经济变量之间的逻辑与数量关系分析可以发现,虽然法国社会保障制度的建制原则体现了市场经济条件下经济效率与社会公正的内在统一,但在实际运行中已出现了一定的非经济适应性,法国社会保障制度与法国国内储蓄、消费、投资、经济增长等因素之间尚未形成良性的经济互动关系,对国内就业的负面影响也不可低估。这些结论对于确立中国社会保障适度水平具有重大借鉴意义。     

英语中的法语借词溯源

本文从语言感情因素的影响,交往与交际的需要,语言习得的规律,社会的变动,印刷术的传入英国几个主要方面论述了英语中之所以存在大量法语借词的原因,以此来增加英语词汇习得的兴趣,加速扩大英语的词汇量。     

再就业工程法律对策论纲

我国再就业立法所要确立的目标模式应是“国家宏观调控下适度的市场就业机制”,再就业 立法应建立起以就业促进法、就业安定法、就业保障法为主体的框架体系。本文从四个方面 提出了再就业问题法律对策的基本思路和若干设想,特别提到了对下岗行为进行法律规制的必要性。     

关于大学生毕业实习的市场化运作

针对大学生毕业实习中面临的问题和大学生就业难的问题,运用失业理论进行了原因分析,并提出通过将实习与就业相结合,采用市场化方式,使企业与毕业生之间建立一种新型的市场关系,以解决毕业生实习难与就业难的问题。     

法国文学取向的中国新文学批评——中国现代文学批评中的“诗”与“散文”观（一）

文学革命倡导与新文学独立发展之间有不同的历史要求,新文学需要向文学审美形态转化与深化,文学批评的审美意识和审美形态建设具有首要的意义。“诗”与“散文”的分裂,是19世纪法国文学引人注目的现象,对“诗”与“散文”及其关系的认识,是法国文学取向的文学批评审美建设的重要内涵。从中可见,陈独秀仅仅建立起了中法文化暨中法文学通道,更体现新文学独立发展意义的穆木天与沈雁冰法国文学取向的文学批评,却起到明显不同的作用：穆木天为‘嗷文化”的新文学注入了‘恃”的内涵,这有助于新文学向文学审美形态的转化,沈雁冰则更表现出对文学革命倡导观的延续和套用,在他的法国文学取向的文学批评中,“散文”与“诗”是截然对立而难以相容的。     

法语语音学习的障碍及对策

2004年,中法文化年在中法两国顺利举办,越来越多的大学生对法语学习产生了浓厚的兴趣。目前,大学生学习法语受汉语和英语的影响比较普遍,容易在发音上出现一些问题,文章力求对法语语音教学中出现的一些常见问题进行解析,以期能给法语初学者有所裨益。     

当前黑龙江省城镇就业压力及对策分析

黑龙江省城镇就业形势十分严峻 ,尤其是下岗失业人员、自然新增劳动适龄人口和退伍军人的就业压力较大。造成这种局面的原因包括客观经济条件的局限、个人择业观念落后以及劳动力市场不健全等。通过对未来十年就业形势的预测可知 ,黑龙江省城镇的就业压力将是长期存在的。针对以上问题 ,近期内应着力发展非正规就业与灵活就业 ,促进劳动力要素的流动 ,加强待就业人员的职业技能培训和就业指导。长期中则应建立健全劳动力市场 ,着力发展以劳动密集型为主的服务业 ,并促进国有单位职工向非国有单位流动。