论嵇康及其养生观

晋代嵇康提出养生必须“导养得理” ,强调形神兼养与防微杜渐 ,并要持之以恒 ,方可延年益寿。其论确有参考价值     

Clean and green organizing in urban neighborhoods: Measuring perceived and objective outcomes

ABSTRACT

One way in which urban community organizations attempt to improve neighborhood health is through cleaning and greening efforts. Few studies have evaluated how such efforts are related to changes in both residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods and objective community-wide cleaning and greening indicators over time. Drawing upon quantitative and qualitative data collected during an evaluation of a community-building initiative in two communities, results show how neighborhood changes in cleaning and greening were reflected in perceived and objective measures and how these measures compare across different time periods and sub-groups of residents within the two target communities. We provide suggestions for additional ways that future evaluations of urban cleaning and greening efforts can examine the impact.     

我国农村医疗保健体制改革的障碍因素和政策建议

以我国医疗保健体制改革为背景；从我国农村经济的特征出发，通过对我国医疗卫生费用支出和城乡居民医疗保健费用支出构成及其变化趋势的分析，探讨了影响我国农村医疗保健体制改革的障碍因素，进而提出应从完善政府对农村公共卫生的管理体制和投入机制，深化农村合作医疗保险制度和配套体制的改革，挖掘农村医疗卫生人力资源的潜力，建立农村居民增收的长效机制等方面入手深化我国农村医疗保健体制改革的政策建议。     

居家养老研究综述

居家养老是有中国特色并合乎中国国情的养老方式。本文指出了关于居家养老研究在近十年时间里取得的主要进展,分别讨论了居家养老方式的概念、特征、必要性、目前存在的问题及相关对策等,并在此基础上,归纳了居家养老方式研究中存在的关键问题及展望。     

Census data issues for epidemiology and health risk assessment: experiences from the Small Area Health Statistics Unit

Summary.  Census data are vital components of epidemiological studies, but the issues that are involved in using these data in such studies are often not fully appreciated. The paper describes some of the problems and uncertainties that arise, and some of the approaches that can be used to address them, based on experience in the Small Area Health Statistics Unit at Imperial College London. Issues considered include the geography of census data (zone design systems, recasting and the role of postcodes), temporal aspects of census data (especially in relation to migration and population change) and information content (especially in relation to characterization of socio-economic status). In the light of these issues, opportunities to improve the resolution and utility of census data for epidemiological studies are discussed.     

The Pervasive and Persistent Influence of Caste on Child Mortality in India

This study examines the effect of caste on child mortality and maternal health care utilization in rural India using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) carried out during 1998–1999. Results from multilevel discrete-time hazard models indicate that, net of individual-level and community-level controls, children belonging to low castes have higher risks of death and women belonging to low castes have lower rates of antenatal and delivery care utilization than children and women belonging to upper castes. At the same time, the controls account for most of the differences within the low castes. Further analysis shows that the mortality disadvantage of low castes is more pronounced in poorer districts. These results highlight the need to target low caste members in the provision of maternal and child health services.     

农村医疗保障政策视角下的政府角色

为研究政府在农村医疗保障中的角色,厘清政府的职能和责任,分析了公共政策和农村医疗保障的制度性障碍及其深层次的问题。分析认为,当前农村医疗保障水平低的根本原因在于政府的治理失效。研究结果表明,农村社会保障制度的完善,农村医疗卫生事业的发展最终有赖于：政府明确自身的主导地位;制定符合中国国情的农村医疗卫生制度;设立农村医疗卫生事业的专项资金;推进和完善新型农村合作医疗制度。     

From Street‐level Bureaucrats to Street‐level Policy Entrepreneurs? Central Policy and Local Action in Lottery‐funded Community Cancer Care

Recent contributions to the policy implementation literature have applied Kingdon's model of ‘policy windows’ to the implementation of policy on health inequalities in the UK, and have identified the key role played by ‘policy entrepreneurs’ at local as well as national level. Despite this, the picture that emerges is of frustration of central policy intentions at the local level, alongside frustration of local aspirations by the centre. This article explores the relationship between central policy and local implementation in the context of a Lottery‐funded initiative to develop community cancer care in the UK. We examine the relationships: between the BIG Lottery Fund and central government; between BIG and the cancer care projects it funded; and between the projects and their local economy of cancer care. We found evidence of success both in vertical cascading of policy and in local policy innovation; 83 per cent of projects succeeded in obtaining continuation funding at the end of their Lottery funding. We suggest that this was due, in part, to two features of Lottery funding and accountability that combined to differentiate it from the other policy initiatives studied. They meant that projects were ‘buffered’ not just from national policy churn, but also from competing local priorities. In the ‘protected space’ that was thus formed, ‘street‐level policy entrepreneurs’ played a key role in developing cancer care innovations for adoption by mainstream funding agencies.     

Engaging Expert Peers in the Development of Risk Assessments

The participation of external technical experts in the development of risk assessment documents and methodologies has expanded and evolved in recent years. Many government agencies and authoritative organizations have experts peer review important works to evaluate the scientific and technical defensibility and judge the strength of the assumptions and conclusions (OMB, 2004; IPCS, 2005; IARC, 2006; Health Canada, 2007; U.S. EPA, 2006). Expert advice has been solicited in other forms of peer involvement, including peer consultation in, for example, the U.S. EPA's Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP). This article discusses how the principles and practices of peer review can be extended to other types of peer involvement activities (i.e., peer input and peer consultation) to develop high-quality risk assessment work products. A comprehensive process for incorporating peer input, peer consultation, and peer review into risk assessment science is outlined. Four key principles for peer involvement-independence, inclusion of appropriate experts, transparency, and a robust scientific process-are discussed. Recent examples of peer involvement in the development of Health Canada's Priority Substances and Domestic Substance List (DSL) programs under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) serve to highlight the concepts.