Estimating the Risks of Smoking, Air Pollution, and Passive Smoke on Acute Respiratory Conditions

Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that: (1) smokers will have a 55-75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 microgram increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.     

合肥848名小学生心理健康状况的调查分析

为调查与分析合肥市小学生心理健康状况,本文采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对合肥市某小学1 096名7~11岁小学生进行测查。结果表明:(1)小学生心理健康问题总分检出率为3.65%,各分量表阳性总检出率为总人数的62.5%,其中学习焦虑因子检出率为43.3%,各项检出率依次排序为:学习焦虑、过敏倾向、自责倾向、身体症状、对人焦虑、冲动倾向、孤独倾向、恐怖倾向。(2)除恐怖倾向外,其他各因子分男生与女生没有显著性差异。(3)恐怖倾向和冲动倾向与年级的相关达到了非常显著性水平,其中恐怖倾向与年级呈现负相关。学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向与年级的相关达到显著性水平,其中孤独倾向与年级呈现负相关。研究得出:合肥市小学生整体心理健康水平较好,但学习焦虑明显,应制定有效的干预措施,加强小学生的心理健康教育。     

高校体育舞蹈的价值观探索

以广东工业大学2002级至2004级本科1年级和2年级学生体育选修课中选报体育舞蹈课的学生共540人(其中男生230人,女生310人)为研究对象,通过1学期的体育舞蹈选项课教学,对他们进行问卷调查及部分生理指标的测量,发现体育舞蹈对大学生有独特的锻炼价值。主要表现在:第一,体育舞蹈具有较高的健身价值;第二,能锻炼学生美的体态和培养学生审美能力;第三,体育舞蹈是休闲、社交和娱乐活动的好选择;第四,能更好地培养学生体育活动习惯。通过分析广东高校体育舞蹈课的开设状况及存在的问题,从而提出高校体育舞蹈课改革的建议。     

Sustainable urban development? Low-cost housing challenges in South Africa

Low-cost housing provision has been a major focus of government in post-apartheid urban South Africa. While successes can be noted, there is growing concern regarding the social and environmental sustainability of housing programs and the impacts upon both the surrounding environment and human health. Utilizing key informant interviews, survey research, Census data and documentary review, this essay identifies the major impediments to a sustainable low-cost housing provision in urban South Africa. The essay also points to hopeful signs in new policy directions, particularly attention to health issues and informal settlement upgrade programs. However, the major obstacles to a sustainable low-cost housing process, including macro-economic conditions, enduring historical legacies of race and class, the scale and rapidity of urban growth and institutional challenges show little indication of abating.     

对吉林省西北部体育与健康课程教学改革的研究

《体育与健康》学科是随着教学改革的不断深入,在现代教育思想和教育理念的指导下,在全球教育大环境的背景下,在原有体育课的基础上而重新构建的一门具有综合性、科学性、实用性等特点的一门基础性课程。为了深刻理解《体育与健康》学科的内涵,结合我省西北部及辐射地区的具体情况,对体育与健康课程理论体系与买践模式的构建进行深入的思考和研究,并建设性地提出相应的改革意见。     

Implementing the ecological approach in tobacco control programs: results of a case study

The ‘new public health’ has stimulated calls to adopt an ecological approach for action aimed at improving population health. However, the implementation of ecological programs has often remained a challenge. The objective of this study was to identify factors facilitating the implementation of ecological tobacco control programming in two Public Health Departments in Québec (Canada) using Scheirer's model of program implementation as a conceptual framework and an exemplary case study design. Analysis revealed two distinct configurations of environmental, organizational and professional characteristics that were related to equally successful implementations of the framework. Key roles for factors such as provincial ministerial guidelines and financial resources, human resources, and relationships and alliances with other organizations, were highlighted. These results replicate findings from quantitative surveys and allow better understanding of the conditions required for planning ecological programming.     

Gender-based health interventions in the United States: An overview of the coalition for healthier community initiative

Health disparities by gender constitute an important yet often overlooked aspect of health around the globe. Within the United States, there is both a paucity of research as well as planned programs that take into account how socio-cultural roles and expectations for men and women may differentially affect symptoms, access to care, and treatment. Viewing women's health exclusively as a function of sex (i.e., biological) differences represents a narrow understanding that does not fully explain gaps in health disparities between men and women. In September 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) launched a national initiative entitled the Coalition for a Healthier Community (CHC) to employ a gender-based framework in several urban, suburban and rural communities across the nation. The Office on Women's Health (OWH) within the DHHS funded 10 coalitions to ultimately improve the health of women and girls utilizing a gender-based approach. This article provides an overview of the initiative and the focus of the special issue.     

大学生心理控制源对时间管理倾向的影响

目的：探讨大学生心理控制源对时间管理倾向的影响,为高校教育教学工作提供参考和依据。方法：采用黄希庭编制的“青少年时间管理倾向量表”和罗特编制的“内在—外在心理控制源量表”对208名大学生进行测试。结果：大学生心理控制源在性别和年级方面不存在显著的差异,时间管理倾向在性别和年级方面存在显著的差异,女生在时间管理方面要好于男生,大一学生对时间的管理要好于其他年级的学生;大学生心理控制源与时间管理倾向及时间价值感、时间监控观呈显著正相关;内控型大学生在时间管理总体水平及时间监控观、时间效能感上均显著高于外控型大学生;回归分析表明,心理控制源对时间管理总体水平及时间价值感、时间监控观均具有显著的预测作用。结论：大学生心理控制源对其时间管理倾向具有显著影响,可以通过有针对性地归因训练来提高大学生的时间管理水平。     

中小学教师的心理健康问题对学生的影响及改进措施

作者认为,教师心理健康是教师心理素质的一个重要反映,中小学教师的心理健康问题不仅影响自己更直接影响学生的身心发展。作者研究分析了中小学教师心理不健康的各种主要表现,探讨了造成中小学教师心理不健康的因素,研究分析了中小学教师心理不健康的种种表现对学生产生的不良影响。同时,论述了教师的心理健康的重要意义,并提出了维护和促进中小学教师心理健康的一些方法和措施。     

“You’re a ‘high-risk’ customer”: A qualitative study of women’s experiences of receiving information from health professionals regarding health problems or complications in pregnancy

BackgroundExperiencing complications in pregnancy is stressful for women and can impact on fetal and maternal outcomes. Supportive encounters with health professionals can reduce the worry women experience. Further research is needed to understand women’s perspectives on communicating with their healthcare providers about their concerns.AimThis study explored women’s experiences of receiving information about pregnancy complications from healthcare providers and their interactions with multiple professionals and services during pregnancy.MethodsThis was a qualitative interpretive study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 women experiencing pregnancy complications recruited from antenatal services at two hospitals in Sydney. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.FindingsWomen had a range of reactions to their diagnoses, including concern for their baby, for themselves and for their labour. Most women reported that communication with healthcare providers was distressing, they were not listened to and staff used insensitive, abrupt language. Women were also distressed by delays in education, receiving contradictory information and having to repeatedly share their stories with different health professionals. In some cases, this damaged the therapeutic relationship and reduced trust towards healthcare providers. Midwives were generally preferred over doctors because they had a more woman-centred approach.ConclusionTo improve women’s experiences of care for pregnancy complications, it is critical to improve the communication skills of maternity service providers. Women’s need for information, resources and support can best be provided by continuity of care with a named health professional, for example, a midwife working within an integrated multidisciplinary antenatal service model.