SMA路面施工应注意的问题

通过对改性沥青SMA面层试验段结果分析,从原材料、拌和、摊铺、碾压等方面对改性沥青及SMA混合料在施工中需要注意的问题及解决的方法进行了阐述。     

“双碳”视角下我国居民碳普惠:内涵、框架体系与政策建议

“双碳”目标是我国基于实现绿色低碳高质量发展内在要求而作出的重大战略决策,对于加快形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局,推动我国社会生产方式、生活方式和消费模式的全面绿色转型,具有重要促进作用。文章围绕居民碳普惠这一当前“双碳”背景下的热点研究问题,从居民碳普惠的概念、内涵、作用与意义三个视角分别展开分析,提出了对绿色支付、居民碳普惠的定义,在此基础上对居民碳普惠的框架体系进行了深入研究,设计了居民碳普惠“一体两翼”的框架体系,并对我国居民碳普惠发展的五个方面提出了进一步政策建议。     

互联网发展环境下多维教育对农户IPM技术采纳行为的影响研究

在构建互联网发展环境下多维教育影响农户IPM技术采纳行为的理论框架基础上,利用猕猴桃主产区陕西和四川两省686份种植户微观调研数据,采用熵值法从互联网渗透度和互联网使用度两个维度构建村域层面的互联网发展环境指数,探讨互联网发展环境在多维教育与农户IPM技术采纳关系中的作用。研究表明：（1）多维教育（学历教育、互联网学习）各维度均能直接促进农户采纳IPM技术;（2）互联网发展环境降低农户IPM技术采纳过程中对学历教育的依赖性,但显著增强默会知识和互联网学习在其中的积极作用,在处理学历教育存在的内生性问题后,上述研究结论依然具有稳健性;（3）进一步地在考虑种植户规模异质性基础上,互联网发展环境对小规模农户学历教育影响IPM技术采纳的弱化作用更为明显,对大规模农户互联网学习影响IPM技术采纳的强化作用更为明显。因此,建议政府持续改善农村教育基础环境,积极探索和创新多维教育体系,增加农户技术知识和经验积累,进而促进农户IPM技术采纳行为。     

农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响机制及效应分析——基于冀皖鄂1150份农户调查数据的实证

基于河北、安徽、湖北三省1150份农户的实地调查数据,采用倾向得分匹配法构建“反事实”框架,探讨了农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响效应,并进一步验证了其中介效应及务工距离的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）相比纯农户,兼业户更倾向于采纳秸秆还田技术;（2）农户兼业通过风险分担间接影响秸秆还田技术采纳,间接影响占比为24.43%;（3）当纯农户选择在乡内务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率会提高15.0%,选择在县内乡外务工时,兼业对农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为没有显著性影响,但当纯农户选择省内县外务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了9.2%,选择省外务工时秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了10.0%。因此,为更好促进秸秆还田技术推广,政府部门应该引导和鼓励农户就近务工,保障农村劳动力就业质量,培育和支持农机社会化服务组织并加强对秸秆还田技术的指导和培训。     

“健康丝绸之路”构建的“政府—社会”复合路径

借鉴社会运动理论,可探索一种融合了政府自上而下和社会自下而上进程的“政府—社会”复合路径,以构建“健康丝绸之路”。社会运动理论的三种视角可为这种复合路径的具体实施与需要关注的环节带来重要启发：首先,当前新冠肺炎疫情的跨国传播暴露了全球公共卫生治理体系存在的严重不足,凸显出构建补充型国际卫生合作模式的必要性与紧迫性;其次,推进“健康丝绸之路”的构建,需要政府和社会层面的协作,将“一带一路”沿线国家的资源充分调动起来,形成优势互补与资源共享。与此同时,要推进健康话语体系的完善,如倡导和促进“人类卫生健康共同体”理念的传播,通过话语和心理共鸣等民心相通的途径,促使国际社会采取联合行动以共同应对全球公共卫生危机。     

Physician perceptions of medical malpractice and defensive medicine

Using judgments obtained in interviews with 33 Massachusetts physicians, the annual statewide volume of expenditures incurred for defensive medical reasons in 1982 was estimated to be $1.0 billion, 12% of all medical care expenditures. Estimates for the nation were $37 billion, 14% of expenditures. Nationally, 180,000 cesarean deliveries were thought to be performed for defensive motives. In their own institutions, respondents judged 43% of all skull x-rays following injury to be medically justified, 30% to be defensive medicine, 16% to be placebos, and 11% to be physician misjudgments. In considering the economic and noneconomic costs of medical malpractice procedures, the dollar costs of insurance were considered most serious, followed closely by defensive medicine, unfairness, and poorer relations with patients. Thirty-two percent of the responsibility for the negative aspects of malpractice processes was assigned to lawyers, 21% to physicians, 18% to legislatures and courts, 16% to patients, and 13% to insurance companies.     

The impact of P.L. 93-641, the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, upon health and mental health programming

Federal legislation regarding health care in the U.S. has increased rapidly in the past few years. A major law with potential far-reaching effects was enacted as a result of increasing legislation and rising health care costs. This law,The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act,has created a network of over 200 local, mostly nongovernment units, called health systems agencies. These agencies are responsible for areawide health planning, plan implementation, review and approval of federal health care expenditures for local programs, and facilities review. They will affect health and mental health programs at the local level. The article is directed to local health and mental health care providers who will, of necessity, deal directly with the local HSA's.     

Mental health program evaluation: Where you start?

Seduced by the elegance, sophistication and jargon characteristic of new developments in applied research, practicing evaluators are in danger of becoming distracted from achievement of their evaluative goal: that of providing timely, reliable and useful data to program management to facilitate rational data-based decision-making. To avoid such seduction, the author advocates adaptation of simple, inexpensive and efficient evaluative methods tailored to organizational needs and presentation of findings in language readily understood by constituent groups. Likewise, insistance by evaluators upon maintenance of a strict role boundary — that is, limiting role functioning exclusively to those tasks considered evaluation — may be dysfunctional. Rather than detract from accomplishment of his goals, the author maintains that such participation allows development of skills, insights and staff relationships which enhance the evaluator's effective functioning within the organizational context and contribute to organizational acceptance and use of his evaluative results.     

The validity of indices for rural health manpower needs assessment

Population-to-practitioner ratios have long been the primary index in the designation of health manpower shortage areas. This paper documents that application of the widely used population-to-dentist index results in understatement of the need for dental health manpower in rural areas. Through the analysis of utilization data collected from a statewide health screening program in Colorado, the practice of sole reliance on the population-to-dentist indices as an indicator of need was tested. Another measure, the area-(square miles) to-dentist ratio was formulated, examined, and found to be a more useful referent of the need for additional health manpower in rural areas. Utilization of dental services in sparsely settled rural counties of Colorado was unrelated to population-to-dentist ratios. A strong, statistically significant association of utilization with land area-to-dentist ratios was found. The findings of this analysis suggest a need for reevaluation of needs assessment methodologies used in the designation of health manpower shortage areas. Indices more sensitive to consumer circumstance than to the number of health care providers available must be considered.     

On the limiting properties of social indicators

Characteristics of the population and economic measures that constitute traditional social indicators are compared with more recent “quality of life” measures to demonstrate that social indicators are always value statements at the policy level. The possibility of alternative perspectives is illustrated. It is suggested that an awareness of the assumptions implicit in any given indicator is as important as the data they provide.