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21.
Previous research has shown that indirect measures of occupational status such as the Duncan Socioeconomic Index (SEI) are more valid than direct measures of occupational prestige, such as those developed by the National Opinion Research Center and by Treiman, for analyses of social mobility. The Professional, Technical, and Kindred (PTK) occupations available for the SEI are a biased sample of all PTK occupations. Do findings on the validity of the SEI pertaining to the general population hold for special populations, such as college graduates? Confirmatory factor analysis comparing the validities of four measures of occupational SES—the SEI, a 1960 counterpart of the SEI developed by Siegel and based on all Census occupations, the NORC prestige scale, and the Treiman international prestige scale—showed that the indirect measure developed by Siegel was clearly more valid than the other three measures. Since these findings indicate that the predictors in a regression equation are more valid than the criterion, there is some question as to what the criterion should really be.  相似文献   
22.
Social programs legislated as entitlements are attractive to promoters of health and welfare services because of the programmatic security and stability such a status offers. Yet existing entitlements and other publicly funded services routinely fail to exhibit the high performance standards that an entitlement status requires. Such "flaws" as confusion over purpose, obstructive procedures, inefficient administration, and cost overruns can also serve important functional and political purposes. Therefore, administrators and evaluators who are in a position to witness these discrepancies will sometimes find their roles as manager and critic compromised. Instead of pursuing policies that would satisfy entitlement principles, they may only be in a position to implement and defend the "flaws" as reasonable compromises. There is the risk, however, that the public will remain skeptical about overall programmatic results despite optimistic evaluation reports. More careful legislation, more disciplined administration, and more neutral evaluation will be required if human services are to retain the public's confidence.  相似文献   
23.
A generalized adult hostility toward youth derives from the complexities of the parent/child relationship, often mirrored in the helper/client and therapist/patient dyads. Parents derive considerable or little narcissistic gain from the accomplishments of their offspring, and conversely, are disappointed or even mortified by their failures. This is particularly true of narcissistically vulnerable parents—helpers and therapists as well—and accounts for widespread attitudes of competition, disparagement, and outright hostility toward young people. In the extreme, the pathological situations of emotional exploitation, incest, and physical abuse occur, but lesser forms of exploitation, such as personally gratifying advocacy, political gain, cultism, and enhancement of professional status, point to similar, but seemingly less destructive, forms of narcissistic gain. Youth may respond by conforming, defying, disappointing, and deviating. Adults may be either pleased, or enraged.  相似文献   
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25.
Major interruptions in the supply of crude oil in the Middlle East have caused significant economic damage in terms of lost output and incresed inflation in the industrial countries. To the extent that the macroeconomic costs of shocks are a function of the magnitude of the oil price increases, domestic or internationally coordinated policies to restrain oil price increases during disruptions can be beneficial. One such policy initiative is the release of oil held in public stockpiles. We address the motivations for private and public stockpilling in an intertemporal optimizing model. As a special case of our general model, we develop and simulate a model of the world oil market to examine the benefits (in terms of lower world oil prices) of releasing oil from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve.  相似文献   
26.
《君主论》的方法论意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
文艺复兴重新发现了世界,也重新发现了人,并带来了政治学的复兴。从马基雅维利开始,政治学研究开始恢复古希腊政治学的理性思考,进入了以人的经验为指导的新时期。在《君主论》中,马基雅维利开创了通过历史和现实中的政治经验来研究政治本质的方法,并第一次将权力、国家作为政治学研究的中心概念,为近代资产阶级政治学乃至后世政治学的发展奠定了理论基础。  相似文献   
27.
Methods appropriate to the analysis of longitudinal-panel data are not necessarily appropriate to the analysis of developmental data, because of the sequential order that developmental data are assumed to have. This paper compares, using data from a study of social categorization ability, the usual cross-sectional test for cumulative order (Guttman scaling) with a longitudinal test for sequential order using matrices. This matrix-based test is then compared to the analysis of differences in proportions. It is shown that the matrix-based test is more appropriate to the analysis of developmental data than either longitudinal difference-of-proportion analysis or the Guttman scale.  相似文献   
28.
英语写作错误分析的个案研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文以调查问卷和统计学方法为工具,调查统计了内蒙古工业大学民族预科班学生和高等职业学院学生英文写作中出现的典型错误,通过对比两组学生的典型错误特点,用语言学习的迁移理论和中介语理论的角度给予解释与分析。研究结果表明:以蒙语为母语兼通汉语的预科生与汉语为母语的高职生,虽然都是懂汉语的人,但在学习英语的过程中所形成的中介语却有明显的差异,这一点说明双语人在学习英语(第三种语言)时,会自动借用第一语言和第二语言的语法规则,因此他们的中介语与单语学习者有显著差异。分析结果证实了图式理论应用于语言教学会降低学习难度,简化学习过程。  相似文献   
29.
The effects of the changing nature of intelligence test items during the follow-up period for compensatory education program evaluations on the judgements about the efficacy of such programs are examined. Data generated from Stanford-Binet test items, assuming known “true” underlying motor and verbal scores, as well as data from three compensatory education evaluations, are examined. The changing nature of the IQ test items, i.e., the differential validity of the tests, is put forth as an explanation for the often disheartening results of such program evaluations. Methods for dealing with the problem of differential validity are suggested.  相似文献   
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