独立董事制度对公司违规行为的影响——来自中国A股市场的经验证据

文章以1997—2015年中国A股上市公司为样本，从实证层面研究了上市公司独立董事制度的实施和独立董事特征对公司是否违规、违规次数以及违规严重程度的影响。结果表明，上市公司实施独立董事制度能够降低公司违规概率、减少公司违规次数，独立董事制度发挥了作用。独立董事的学术履历、政治面貌、金融行业、海外经历等背景特征均对公司违规行为没有显著影响，独立董事的平均年龄、女性比例对公司是否违规以及违规次数也没有影响。独立董事委托他人出席会议对公司违规行为没有显著影响，而独立董事缺席会议将增加公司违规的概率以及违规次数。该研究对于评估独立董事制度、指导上市公司有效利用独立董事具有借鉴意义，建议监管部门进一步完善独立董事机制，上市公司更多关注独立董事参与公司会议的情况。     

邓小平独立自主意识探析

邓小平独立自主意识,是邓小平理论的基本立场、观点和方法,是邓小平理论的灵魂.邓小平理论是马克思列宁主义与当代中国实际和时代特征相结合的产物,是坚持独立自主解决中国社会主义建设问题所取得的重大理论成果.邓小平独立自主意识具有丰富的思想内涵以及时代性、现实性、主体性和结合性等鲜明的思想特色.在新形势下,深入学习和领会邓小平关于独立自主的论述具有极其重要的现实指导意义.     

优先性:自由与平等

自由和平等是现代社会最重要的两大政治价值.对于二者的冲突,新自由主义都采用优先性原则来解决.但是,优先性并不是绝对的,它的形成跟具体的境况相关.在正义的价值体系里,各种价值处于张力的关系中.优先性原则是错误的,也是没有意义的.优先性的实质是对平等价值独立性的质疑.西方的政治实践、政治传统和政治文化为平等的独立性提供了证明.     

美国烟草海岸衰落原因探析

美国殖民地时期,在北美大西洋岸,有一个著名的＂烟草海岸＂,它以切萨皮克海湾为中心,包括弗吉尼亚、马里兰、北卡罗来纳等几个南部殖民地,以生产和出口烟草为主要的经济形式,甚至是经济支柱。但是在18世纪后期至19世纪初期却走向衰落,从此盛名不再。导致烟草海岸衰落的原因是多方面的,包括战争的沉重打击、黑人奴隶劳动力的减少、内部经营多样化的发展、烟草种植耗竭土壤肥力、工业革命的发生以及由此带来的棉花种植的兴盛等,使种植烟草利益降低,经济转型。     

An Independence Point Method of Confidence Band Construction for Multiple Linear Regression Models

This article addresses the problem of confidence band construction for a standard multiple linear regression model. An “independence point” method of construction is developed which generalizes the method of Gafarian (1964) for a simple linear regression model to a multiple linear regression model. Wynn (1984 Wynn , H. P. ( 1984 ). An exact confidence band for one-dimensional polynomial regression . Biometrika 71 : 375 – 9 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) pioneered the approach of basing confidence bands for a polynomial regression on a set of nodes where the function estimates are independent, and this approach is exploited in this article. This method requires only critical points from t-distributions so that the confidence bands are easy to construct. Both one-sided and two-sided confidence bands can be constructed using this method. An illustration of the new method is provided, and comparisons are made with other procedures.     

论台独势力发展的三个阶段及其特点

台独势力在发展过程中明显地呈现为萌芽起始,流亡活动以及公开云集台湾这三个不同的历史发展阶段。每个阶段又分别有“口诛毛伐”、恐怖活动以及参数政夺权等特点与其相对应。透过这三个阶段及其不同特点又可发现：第一,台独势力在各阶段的发展过程中均离不开大国的插手与庇护;第二,台湾当局逐渐脱离一个中国的立场,在分裂祖国的道路上越走越远。     

Perceptions of Same-Sex Relationships and Marriage as Gender Role Violations: An Examination of Gendered Expectations (Sexism)

The current study sought to add to the literature that has demonstrated a link between sexism and sexual prejudice. The study evaluated whether a community sample with an age range of 19–64 (n = 122), including 32% sexual minority participants, believe that dating, sex, and marriage with same-sex partners are perceived to be gender role violations. Results varied by participant sexual/gender identity (LGBTQ or heterosexual) and political ideology. Liberal LGBTQ persons do not see same-sex relationships as gender role violations; LGBTQ non-liberals and heterosexual liberals rated same-sex relationships as mild violations; and non-liberal heterosexuals perceive same-sex relationships as “moderate” violations. Our results suggest both positive movement in attitudes toward same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, and broader recognition that gender identity, gender role expression, and sexual orientation are separate and distinct components of one’s overall sexual identity.     

Expert Knowledge Elicitation: Subjective but Scientific

ABSTRACT

Expert opinion and judgment enter into the practice of statistical inference and decision-making in numerous ways. Indeed, there is essentially no aspect of scientific investigation in which judgment is not required. Judgment is necessarily subjective, but should be made as carefully, as objectively, and as scientifically as possible.

Elicitation of expert knowledge concerning an uncertain quantity expresses that knowledge in the form of a (subjective) probability distribution for the quantity. Such distributions play an important role in statistical inference (for example as prior distributions in a Bayesian analysis) and in evidence-based decision-making (for example as expressions of uncertainty regarding inputs to a decision model). This article sets out a number of practices through which elicitation can be made as rigorous and scientific as possible.

One such practice is to follow a recognized protocol that is designed to address and minimize the cognitive biases that experts are prone to when making probabilistic judgments. We review the leading protocols in the field, and contrast their different approaches to dealing with these biases through the medium of a detailed case study employing the SHELF protocol.

The article ends with discussion of how to elicit a joint probability distribution for multiple uncertain quantities, which is a challenge for all the leading protocols. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Score Tests for Testing Independence in the Zero-Truncated Bivariate Poisson Models

In this study, score test statistics for testing independence in the zero-truncated bivariate Poisson distributions are proposed. The Monte Carlo study shows that the score tests proposed in this article keep the significance level close to the nominal one, but the LR and Wald tests over-reject the null hypothesis when it is true. The score tests for testing independence in the zero-truncated bivariate Poisson regression models are also derived in this study.     

近代中国不同城市离婚原因略论

由于中国近代城市发展的不平衡 ,在市民的离婚原因上也有较大差异。上海作为近代中国经济最发达 ,社会最开明的城市 ,在其离婚原因上也可显现出来。 30年代 ,在上海市民 12种离婚原因中 ,双方“意见不合”的比重高达 73 % ,表明男女双方在意识上具有很强的独立性。而同时期在广州、天津、北平、成都等城市的离婚原因中 ,“意见不合”的比重都很低。产生这种差别的主要原因是 ,经济发展水平 ,妇女经济和社会地位的提高 ,文化教育水平的提高等