中国国民总效用函数的构建与估计

 基于消费效用和资产效用的假设,证明了居民在消费和投资分配上最优均衡点的唯一存在性,由此构建居民微观效用函数;结合反映分配的洛仑兹曲线进一步推导出国民总效用（GNU ）函数一般形式,利用统计数据估计出中国国民总效用函数,并进一步计算出历年中国国民总效用（福利）的增长情况,分析其与国民收入增长的差异及原因。结果显示中国历年的经济增长并不能带来国民福利的同步增长,其原因包括居民收入分配不均、消费比重下降、物价上涨等。     

城镇居民收入不平等分解研究

 本文利用国家统计局城镇住户调查数据对2002—2007年城镇居民收入不平等进行了研究。研究发现：○1基尼系数先上升后下降,2002、2004和2007年的基尼系数分别为0.342、0.361和0.349。○2房地产和资本市场扩大城镇居民收入不平等的作用日益增强,财产性收入已成为仅次于工资及补贴收入、公共转移支付净收入影响收入不平等的第三大分项收入,2007年的贡献率约为7.3%。○3更高的投资门槛以及持续上涨的房价使得房产投资比金融资产投资更能扩大城镇居民收入差距。     

Growth and inequality: a demographic explanation

This paper investigates the relationship between growth and inequality from a demographic point of view. In an extended model of the accidental bequest with endogenous fertility, we analyze the effects of a decrease in old-age mortality rate on the equilibrium growth rate as well as on the income distribution. We show that the relationship between growth and inequality is at first positive and then may be negative in the process of population aging. The results are consistent with the empirical evidence in some developed countries.

Changes in the Distribution of Male and Female Wages Accounting for Employment Composition Using Bounds

This paper examines changes in the distribution of wages using bounds to allow for the impact of nonrandom selection into work. We show that worst case bounds can be informative. However, because employment rates in the United Kingdom are often low, they are not informative about changes in educational or gender wage differentials. Thus we explore ways to tighten these bounds using restrictions motivated from economic theory. With these assumptions, we find convincing evidence of an increase in inequality within education groups, changes in educational differentials, and increases in the relative wages of women.     

The free movement of people around the world would be Utopian: IUAES World Congress 2013: Evolving Humanity,Emerging Worlds, 5–10 August 2013

This article contains the text and discussion of a debate held at the IUAES World Congress in Anthropology at Manchester University in 2013. The motion was proposed by Bela Feldman-Bianco (State University of Campinas), seconded by Noel Salazar (University of Leuven) and was opposed by Shahram Khosravi (Stockholm University), seconded by Nicholas de Genova (then at Goldsmiths’ College). The debate was chaired by Simone Abram (Durham University).     

Welfare Generosity in Europe: A Multi‐level Study of Material Deprivation and Income Poverty among Disadvantaged Groups

The aim of this study is to analyze whether and to what extent welfare generosity moderates the risk of income poverty and material deprivation among disadvantaged groups, that is, people with ill health, low education and lack of employment. The data are based on the 2009 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (cross‐sectional) surveys. The analyses comprise 27 and 28 European countries, including 292,874 and 302,343 individuals between 18 and 64 years of age. Multi‐level analyses demonstrated that welfare generosity moderated the risk of both material deprivation and income poverty. With few exceptions, the risk decreased among disadvantaged groups in absolute terms. Among individuals who experienced the combinations of limiting long‐standing illness and either low education or non‐employment, the absolute inequalities in material deprivation decreased with increasing welfare generosity. Also, the absolute inequalities in income poverty among individuals who experienced the combination of limiting long‐standing illness and low education were lower in more generous welfare contexts. Results indicated lower absolute levels of both material deprivation and income poverty among disadvantaged individuals in generous welfare states. However, for material deprivation the results were more substantial and consistent than for income poverty. Taken together, these findings support the view that generous welfare states reach the worst‐off and are successful in buffering material deprivation and income poverty and, hence, in reducing social inequalities.     

Change in prevalence or preference? Trends in educational homogamy in six European countries in a time of educational expansion

This paper analyzes trends in educational homogamy in six European countries (Sweden, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, and Italy). We use vital statistics on all marriages contracted between 1990 and 2016. Absolute educational homogamy increases in all countries (very moderately in the Czech Republic and Italy), it changes its structure, and the absolute educational hypogamy of women increases. The trends over time and among countries in relative educational homogamy are tested using log-linear and log-multiplicative models. We expand a regression-type layer effect model (the Goodman-Hout model) into a four-way table. The results indicate differing assortative mating by educational categories. Relative homogamy decreases in tertiary education. In lower educational categories, relative homogamy increases. We present the hypothesis that a decrease in relative homogamy in tertiary education is a consequence of the rise of social homogamy. We conceptualize this homogamy balance as a “complementary maintained homogamy.” Because changes in relative educational homogamies are the same in all countries, the cross-country differences remain constant over time. We conceptualize this as a “maintained flux.” The European countries are not in convergence, even though the relative homogamies delineated by educational categories change.     

Inequality of opportunity in the United Kingdom, 1991–2008

We investigate the extent to which the tax-and-transfer system of the United Kingdom equalizes opportunities for income attainment among citizens. Within the framework of Roemer’s theory of equality of opportunity, and using individual data from the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 2008, we calculate the tax rates necessary to equalize opportunities for different circumstances. We provide a ranking of these circumstances by the degree to which they influence income attainment. Although pre-fisc equality of opportunity increases over time, the tax rate necessary to equalize opportunities remains higher than the observed tax rate. Only under a relatively high labour supply elasticity the observed UK tax rate fares well in equalizing opportunities for income attainment.     

收入不平等与两极分化的估算与控制——以上海城镇为例

 本文介绍了利用历年《上海市统计年鉴》发布的城镇居民收入分组数据测算基尼系数和极化指数的一种方法,并对1995-2007年上海市城镇收入不平等和两极分化进行了估算。结果表明,上海市城镇的基尼系数和极化指数在过去13年间上升较快,收入不平等和两极分化均明显扩大。从最近三年上海城镇收入不平等和两极分化略有下降的情况来看,不断健全的社会保障制度将有助于控制收入不平等和两极分化。     

我国城镇居民收入不平等变动实证研究 ——基于收入分布变化分解的视角

 对收入不平等变动研究,目前多数基于对不平等指标的分解,计算结果会因收入数据分组的不同而产生较大差异。本文基于收入分布变化分解的视角,对我国地级市以上城镇居民收入不平等变动进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,收入分布位置变化对于收入分布变化的影响最大,而收入分布形状变化却在一定程度上抵消了这种影响效果,收入分布的其它变化虽有影响,但程度相对较低。收入分布位置变化有助于缓解不平等程度的加剧,而收入分布形状变化则加速不平等程度的恶化,其影响程度对于不同的收入阶层有所不同。本文认为,经济增长是缓解收入不平等恶化的主要原因,而收入分配的改变却在一定程度上加剧了收入不平等。