What are the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Among Low‐income Youth in CapeTown?

Research in high‐income countries has identified an array of risk factors for youth antisocial behavior. However, in low‐ and middle‐income countries, despite higher prevalence of offending and antisocial behavior, there is a paucity of prospective, longitudinal evidence examining predictors. South Africa is a middle‐income country with high rates of violence and crime, and a unique social context, characterized by striking income and gender inequality, and increasing number of children orphaned by AIDS. We tested predictors of antisocial behavior at community, family, and individual levels over four years. One thousand and twenty five adolescents from poor, urban South African settlements were assessed in 2005 (50 percent female; M = 13.4 years) and followed up in 2009. The sample analyzed consisted of the 723 youth (71 percent) assessed at both time points. We employed sociodemographic questionnaires and standardized scales. Validity of our antisocial behavior measure was supported by cross‐sectional associations with well‐evidenced concomitants of youth antisocial behavior, including drug taking and truancy. Regression analysis indicated that male gender and experience of community violence, but not poverty or abuse, predicted antisocial behavior. Despite many South African youth experiencing abuse and poverty at the family level, our findings suggest that high levels of violence in communities may be a more important factor contributing to the development of antisocial behavior, particularly among males.     

Child protection and fathering where there is domestic violence: Contradictions and consequences

Children live in different contexts of protection and vulnerability when exposed to domestic violence. The negative impacts for many children are consistent and widely acknowledged. However, the implication that this requires men who use violence to address their fathering has been slower to emerge. This article draws from 69 in‐depth qualitative interviews with men, women, and workers across four men's behaviour change programmes in rural Victoria, Australia. Particular attention is given to men's attitudes to their fathering and the formal and informal consequences they experienced as a result of their violence and its impact on their fathering. Although most men came to recognize that their violence impacted their children, they failed to make the connection that the involvement of statutory child protection services in their lives was a direct consequence of their abusive behaviour. This article explores this disconnection by fathers who use violence, their attitude to the involvement of statutory child protection services, and identifies the implications for social work practitioners in addressing this issue.     

举世谤议下的反思——论郭嵩焘的群议观

在举世谤议下,郭嵩焘对士大夫的群议行为展开反思。他认为在群议中,正确的少数人受到错误的多数人的攻击,群议成为压迫性力量,四种原因导致群议恶风的产生。 郭氏的群议观与其言语观有密切关系。他认为君主应制止群议,大臣不应卷入群议,言官当废。郭氏带着对群议的思考去考察西方政治制度,认为君德、两党制是英国政论风气良 好的原因,多党制导致法国政坛议论纷繁。     

国内女生校园暴力问题研究述评

近年来,频频爆出的女生校园暴力视频让校园暴力再次成为关注热点,目前关于女生校园暴力的研究集中在概念界定、特点、成因和预防四个方面,在研究对象的细化,研究视角的扩大,研究内容的拓展等方面还有待进一步加强。     

网络语言暴力:调查与分析

文章通过实证调查和分析,从语言形式、施为类型和话题类型等角度呈现网络语言暴力的现状,在访谈基础上分析其成因和对国民形象建构的负面影响。研究发现:网络语言暴力现象比较普遍;从言语行为看,断言类最多,指令和表情类次之,承诺类最少;语言暴力与话题密切相关,谈及社会时事时发生频率极高,涉及男女情感和娱乐八卦时语言暴力会经常发生,而谈论家庭琐事或者工作学习时则较少出现。文章最后从社会环境和个人心理机制解析网络语言暴力,并尝试提出了建议以期为实现和谐语用提供参考。     

Racial Segregation,the Concentration of Disadvantage,and Black and White Homicide Victimization

Discriminatory housing market practices have created and reinforced patterns of racial residential segregation throughout the United States. Such segregation has racist consequences too. Residential segregation increases the concentration of disadvantage for blacks but not whites, creating African-American residential environments that heighten social problems including violence within the black population. At the same time, segregation protects white residential environments from these dire consequences. This hypothesized racially inequitable process is tested for one important type of violence—homicide. We examine race-specific models of lethal violence that distinguish residential segregation from the concentration of disadvantage within racial groups. Data are from the Censuses of Population and Federal Bureau of Investigation's homicide incidence files for U.S. large central cities for 1980 and 1990. Our perspective finds support in the empirical analyses. Segregation has an important effect on black but not white killings, with the impact of segregation on African-American homicides explained by concentrated disadvantage.     

Implementing the Power to Kids programme in home-based (foster) care: Identifying the SAFETY approach

Sexual abuse and dating violence are chronic problems for children and young people in out-of-home care. This study explored the impact of a prevention and response programme Power to Kids, which targets harmful sexual behaviour (HSB), child sexual exploitation (CSE) and dating violence (DV) for children and young people in home-based (foster) care. Twenty-eight case managers, 25 foster carers and 13 children and young people participated in a mixed methods study in Victoria, Australia informed by the research question: How does the Power to Kids programme impact the sexual health and safety of children and young people in home-based (foster) care? The data analysis revealed a SAFETY approach whereby the sexual health and safety knowledge of carers and case managers was enhanced, and carers were given permission to have Brave Conversations with children and young people, who could then apply the new knowledge to their lives. Case managers were upskilled in identifying indicators of sexual abuse and empowered to escalate stalled therapeutic and disruption practice when children and young people were identified as experiencing HSB, CSE or DV.     

Shared and unique characteristics of school,cyber and family victimization among school-aged children in Hong Kong

Victimizations from online and offline violence, such as sibling violence, school violence and witness of family violence, both have negative associations with victims' mental health and may share similar individual and family characteristics. This study aims to explore the common and differentiated characteristics in the prediction of school, cyber and family victimization and whether there are unique associations within these victimization types. We employed a two-stage stratified sampling method to collect a representative sample of 5567 children aged 3–17 from a cross-sectional, school-based survey in Hong Kong. Results showed that all types of child victimization, including sibling, school and cyberbullying, as well as the witness of violence at home, were positively correlated with each other. Children's age was positively related to the occurrence and cooccurrence of all types of child victimization. Frequent family residential mobility and parents' higher education level were positively related to all types of children's victimization. The scores of all aspects of children's paediatric quality of life were found negatively related to children's school victimization. This study provides insight into the unique and shared elements of children's online and offline victimization. Knowledge of the distinguished familial gradients of child victimization at home and beyond could benefit the development of child victimization prevention.     

Alcohol and violence

Research indicates a strong relationship between drinking and violent crime. Aggression and heavy drinking may be associated in the same people, therefore it is instructive to see how the development of violence interacts with the development of drinking across the lifespan. A developmental pathway is traced across the lifespan, indicating how certain individual characteristics independently increase the likelihood of both drinking and violence, and how the ways certain individuals interact with their social environment increase the likelihood of both drinking and violence. Attention is paid to the pharmacological and cognitive effects of alcohol in relation to aggressive behaviour. In tracing a developmental pathway, the risk factors for alcohol‐related violence are identified, indicating appropriate targets for prevention and intervention. Since generally violent men form one subgroup of perpetrators of domestic violence, this subgroup being more severely violent and characterized by being themselves abused as children, having witnessed parental violence and having high rates of substance use, and because witnessing or experiencing violence breeds the next generation of perpetrators of domestic violence, it is important to break the cycle by recognizing and changing violent individuals, as well as preventing further damage to their offspring. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Intimate partner violence and child abuse: a child‐centred perspective

A substantial body of literature assessing the impact of intimate partner violence on children and associations between intimate partner violence and child abuse now exists. Central to knowledge about these areas of practice and research is a robust, child‐centred consideration of some of the more challenging conceptual issues they give rise to. In this paper, we aim to stimulate debate by presenting a critical, child‐centred perspective on the intersection between intimate partner violence and child abuse. Initially, we provide the context for the review by presenting a brief overview of the literature. We then consider three central issues from a child‐centred perspective. We discuss the language used to describe children forced to live with intimate partner violence, and the importance of hearing children's perspectives on their experiences of such conflict. Finally, we consider similarities and differences between the intimate partner violence and child abuse fields from a child‐centred viewpoint. We conclude that increasing conceptual clarity around these issues will enhance research in the field, and ultimately improve interventions designed to protect children forced to live with intimate partner violence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.