中国农村居民消费需求影响因素分析

本文依据持久收入理论,应用计量经济模型分析了影响中国农村居民消费需求的各种因素,计算了平均消费倾向和边际消费倾向以确定收入的不同部分对农村居民消费的影响程度,并分析了非收入要素对消费需求的影响,得出中国农民消费需求主要取决于收入中的持久收入而与暂时收入关系不大的结论,而其它非收入因素的影响也不容忽视.最后提出促进农村居民消费增加的建议和措施.     

消费需求、消费热点与经济增长关系分析

“过剩经济”时代的到来,使得社会经济的主要问题由供给不足型转变为需求约束型,消费需求不足成了经济增长的最大障碍,为了刺激消费需求,必须发展消费经济,培育消费热点,转变社会消费观念,提高消费者素质。只有这样,才能实现消费需求、消费热点与经济增长之间的良性循环。     

对马克思劳动价值论的再思考

论述了劳动价值论是以马克思经济学为基础的科学。指出正确认识劳动价值论应澄清两种误解 :第一、认为马克思的劳动价值论中“劳动是价值的惟一源泉。”即只有体力劳动才是创造价值的劳动或认为劳动价值论中排除了科技工作者的劳动 ;第二、将马克思的价值论与财富论混同。阐明科技工作同样属于生产商品和价值的生产劳动 ;论证了马克思的价值论与财富论既有统一又有区别。特别指出要结合新的现实 ,深化对社会主义社会劳动和劳动价值论的研究和认识 ,在社会主义市场经济建设中发展马克思的劳动价值论     

An oracle-based algorithm for robust planning of production routing problems in closed-loop supply chains of beverage glass bottles

The demand for glass bottles is exhibiting an upward trend over time. The manufacturing of glass bottles is costlier in terms of time and resources and is associated with a higher level of heat generation and environmental pollution compared to recycling processes. In response to the aforementioned challenges, companies that use glass bottles need to implement strategies to manage their reverse supply chains in conjunction with their traditional supply chains, as the economic and environmental benefits of returned products are unquestionable. Closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) integrate forward and reverse flows of products and information. This integration helps companies to have a broader view of the whole chain. Despite these advantages, managing CLSCs can be challenging as they are exposed to many uncertainties regarding supply and demand processes, travel times, and quantity/quality of returned products.In this study, we consider the production planning, inventory management, and vehicle routing decisions of a CLSC of beverage glass bottles. We propose an MILP model and rely on a multi-stage adjustable robust optimization (ARO) formulation to deal with the randomness in both the demand for filled bottles and the requests for pickups of empty bottles. We develop an exact oracle-based algorithm to solve the ARO problem and propose a heuristic search algorithm to reduce the solution time. Our numerical experiments not only show the incompetency of the customary method, namely the affine decision rule approach, but also illustrate how our algorithms can solve the small-size problems and significantly improve the quality of the obtained solution for large problems. Furthermore, our numerical results show that robust plans tend to be sparse, meaning the routes are chosen so that empty bottles are transported to production sites in such a way that fewer new bottles need to be ordered. Thus, robust planning makes the CLSCs more environmentally friendly.     

Fringe benefits and income inequality

In this paper, we analyze the distribution of fringe benefits among workers and underline its implications for income inequality. To this end, we develop a positional approach to inequality based on the concept of rent as a potential link between positions and their rewards. We hypothesize that workers extract rent in the form of benefits in industries with worker leverage (in the form of unioniziation, internal labor market, and public employment) or share rent with firms in highly profitable industries that endure for efficiency wage reasons. On the basis of a unique dataset from Israel, we test these hypotheses by estimating the probabilities of obtaining benefits according to industries’ structural features while controlling for cross-industrial differences in workers’ demographic and human capital characteristics. The analyses reveal that benefits are determined by structural factors, representing a separate dimension of the rewards attached to positions, different from earnings. We further stress the importance of incorporating fringe benefits into inequality research, given that benefits together with earnings stratify workers and evidently signify structured positions in the economy.     

The Role of Behavioral Responses in the Total Economic Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Air Travel Targets

U.S. airports and airliners are prime terrorist targets. Not only do the facilities and equipment represent high‐value assets, but the fear and dread that is spread by such attacks can have tremendous effects on the U.S. economy. This article presents the methodology, data, and estimates of the macroeconomic impacts stemming from behavioral responses to a simulated terrorist attack on a U.S. airport and on a domestic airliner. The analysis is based on risk‐perception surveys of these two scenarios. The responses relate to reduced demand for airline travel, shifts to other modes, spending on nontravel items, and savings of potential travel expenditures by U.S. resident passengers considering flying domestic routes. We translate these responses to individual spending categories and feed these direct impact results into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the U.S. economy to ascertain the indirect and total impacts on both the airline industry and the economy as a whole. Overall, the estimated impacts on GDP of both types of attacks exceed $10B. We find that the behavioral economic impacts are almost an order of magnitude higher than the ordinary business interruption impacts for the airliner attack and nearly two orders of magnitude higher for the airport attack. The results are robust to sensitivity tests on the travel behavior of U.S. residents in response to terrorism.     

论中国扩大消费需求的供给侧支撑

以消费供给来促进消费需求的上扬有着深厚的理论与实践基础,仅从需求侧探求消费需求的增长无法对现实问题给出全面解释,秉承需求侧与供给侧对接的理念才能共同拉动经济进步,从根本上推动消费需求的上涨。中国目前的消费供给面临着有效供给的不足,主要体现在高质量供给不足、高端消费供给不足、个性化消费供给不足三个方面。要提振中国消费需求,需要重视供给侧的重要作用,从提升产品质量、提高消费层次、增加个性化供给等方面进行努力。     

基于城市特征分析模型的智慧城市建设需求分析——以新乡市为例

如何在智慧城市建设过程中确定建设需求一直是智慧城市建设的重点与难点,本文通过构建城市特征分析模型,提出从城市特征出发进行比较分析确定智慧城市建设需求的方法。在完成城市特征分析模型的构建后,本文运用这一模型对新乡市智慧城市建设需求进行了分析并给出了相应的解决方案,展现了这一模型的使用方法。     

河北省生源地助学贷款需求、供给与还款分析——以河北农业大学为例

：生源地助学贷款具有承贷主体多元化、放款形式多样化、贷款管理属地化等优势，作为国家助学贷款的有益补充具有广阔的发展前景。根据对河北农业大学生源地助学贷款在校生和毕业生的问卷调查和数据分析，在需求和供给方面存在着供给量不足、供给形式单一等问题；在还款方面，存在着还款期限短、违约率较高等问题。针对上述问题，应通过加大政策扶持力度、建立风险基金和信用体系等措施来解决，以促进河北省生源地助学贷款的健康发展。     

《诗经·大雅·民劳》主旨考辨

《诗经·大雅·民劳》的主旨迄今主要有四类观点。之所以产生这四种不同的观点,根源就在于历代学者对诗中的＂小子＂一词以及诗文本内在逻辑的理解有不同。通过综合考察诗中＂小子＂一词的含义与诗文本的内在逻辑关系,得出两点结论：一、诗中的＂小子＂不是指代周王,而是指作者的同僚。二、作者通过此诗表达了对同僚的殷切期望。