Using institutional ethnography's ideological circle to portray how textually mediated disability discourse paralysed a Supreme Court of Canada ruling

Persons with disabilities created through texts as damaged goods are being ‘cured’ by workplace accommodation, a textually mediated work process. Prior to 1999, workplace accommodation in the Canadian federal public service signified the adjustments necessary to enable a disabled worker to fit into a workplace designed for able-bodied workers. In 1999, a Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) ruling known as Meiorin turned this accommodation provision on its head. Instead of being focused on individual-level fixes so that a disabled worker could be accommodated in an existing workplace, this legislation required employers to transform their workplaces so as to make them ready to receive as many different types of workers as reasonably possible from the outset. Using Dorothy E. Smith's institutional ethnography, I use my experiences as a disability rights activist employed in the Canadian federal public service to explicate how textually mediated disability discourse paralysed this groundbreaking SCC ruling.     

凉山彝族初中生历史学习的障碍探析

彝族地区的初中生在历史学习上存在障碍,具体表现为知识认知障碍、文化情感障碍、学习反应障碍、学习环境障碍。这 些障碍的产生主要是由于该地区的语言文字自成体系、历史发展脉络独特、教师资源有所欠缺、学习环境不够良好。进一步而 言,就是该地区的民族区域性和经济发展滞后性导致了初中生历史学习的障碍。而通过加大汉语教学力度、引进民族文化资 源、健全教师教育体系、转变经济发展方式等措施,可以帮助学生逐步改善并最终克服学习障碍,提高学习效率,促进当地历史 教学的发展。     

A Learning Curve Analysis of Expert System Use*

In this article, we study how an expert system affects novice problem solving in a financial risk analysis domain. We demonstrate that novice performance is improved after exposure to an expert system. Further, we show that novice performance continues to improve when the system is withdrawn. By comparing learning curves for people with exposure to those without, we can assess how much the system has benefitted its users. We demonstrate a quantitative methodology to measure the increment of learning due to the use of an information technology. We also explore the issue of how expertise is transferred from the system to the user.     

Integrating Neural Networks and Semi-Markov Processes for Automated Knowledge Acquisition: An Application to Real-time Scheduling*

Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have gained attention as a promising modeling tool for building intelligent systems. A number of applications have been reported in areas varying from pattern recognition to bankruptcy prediction. In this paper, we present a creative methodology that integrates computer simulation, semi-Markov optimization, and ANN techniques for automated knowledge acquisition in real-time scheduling. The integrated approach focuses on the synergy between operations research and ANN in eliciting human knowledge, filtering inconsistent data, and building competent models capable of performing at the expert level. The new approach includes three main components. First, computer simulation is used to collect expert decisions. This step allows expert knowledge to be obtained in a non-intrusive way and minimizes the difficulties involved in interviewing experts, constructing repertory grids, or using other similar structures required for manual knowledge acquisition. The data collected from computer simulation are then optimized using a semi-Markov decision model to remove data redundancies, inconsistencies, and errors. Finally, the optimized data are used to build ANN-based expert systems. The integrated approach is evaluated by comparing it with the human expert and using ANN alone in the domain of real-time scheduling. The results indicate that ANN-based systems perform worse than human experts from whom the data were collected, but the integrated approach outperforms human experts and ANN models alone.     

东亚三国近代文化选择与成因考述

对东西文化关系问题上的不同立场而形成的近代东亚文化选择模式,在中国表现为“中体西用”;在朝鲜与日本分别表现为“东道西器”和“和魂洋才”。东亚三国近代文化虽说在形式上存在着诸多相似之处,但因三国社会历史条件等诸多因素上的差异,使三国近代文化在对传统的反思及西学分量等内容上呈现出很多不同的特点。     

Evaluating social investment in disability policy

Disability policy in European countries is displaying a shift towards social investment: increasing human capital and access to the labour market. The reasoning that underlies this transition is that disabled persons would benefit from mainstream employment, but are impeded in traditional policy by deficiencies in labour supply and demand. However, the shift towards more activating policies in many countries is accompanied by a decline in social protection. It is unclear whether social investment may effectively promote the employment chances of disabled persons within this context. The present research examines this question through a quantitative, cross-sectional, multilevel analysis on microdata from 22 EU countries. Our findings suggest greater activation to predict lower employment chances, while reducing passive support shows mixed effects. Conversely, measures for facilitation in daily life predict greater employment chances, as do measures for sheltered work. These findings raise questions over the value of social investment for disabled persons—and underline the need to overcome broader barriers in the labour market and in society.     

Potentials of care: The uncertain politics of social and emotional ability and difference in American childhood

This article examines middle class children's and parents' complex engagements with contemporary practices of cultivation, care and surveillance focused on children's social and emotional capacities and differences. Emblematic of a sociality and emotion-focused biopolitics of childhood, such care provokes moments of spontaneous connection and self-expression for children even as they engage dynamics of disciplining control and normalisation, an outcome that may work against and towards the objectives of care. Moreover, parental investments in social–emotional care reveal adults' conflicted implication in dynamics of child normalisation, and the potential of this form of caretaking to generate politically valuable empathic insight.     

Listening to Young People with Learning Disabilities Who Have Experienced,or Are at Risk of,Child Sexual Exploitation in the UK

This paper reports on a UK study which examined the identification of, and support for young people with learning disabilities who experience, or are at risk of, child sexual exploitation (CSE). CSE has received considerable attention in the UK, with evidence suggesting an increased risk for young people with learning disabilities. However, no study has specifically focused on this group, and their voices remain largely unheard. In‐depth interviews with 27 young people with learning disabilities were undertaken to explore how to meet their needs. This paper presents the young people's voices and identifies areas for improvements in policy and practice.     

‘We are actually,after all,just children’: caring societies and South African infantilisation of adults with intellectual disability

This article comments on infantilisation by attending to South African adult intellectual disability (ID) care through an intersubjective ethics of care lens, and shows how such an ethic can shine light on shifting our responses towards ID. Care performance data were gathered from three sources within two South African specialist ID care sites – from 10 adult residents, 16 nurses as spatiotemporal carers, and three wards as ethnographic sites. Deeply embedded and interwoven throughout various care practices is the disabling of adults with intellectual impairment when literally referred to as ‘children’. These adult-unmaking processes constitute practices that fall short of Tronto and Kittay’s caring societies ethic. Care exchanges generate relational and intersubjective spaces in which people are understood as never meeting full criteria for personhood. Infantilising care dynamics require urgent attention if we wish to change ways in which ID is viewed and responded to in South Africa.     

Assistive technology for disabled visual artists: exploring the impact of digital technologies on artistic practice

Abstract

Disabled artists with physical impairments can experience significant barriers in producing creative work. Digital technologies offer alternative opportunities to support artistic practice, but there has been a lack of research investigating the impact of assistive digital tools in this context. This article explores the current practice of physically impaired visual artists and their experiences around the use of digital technologies. An online survey was conducted with professional disabled artists and followed up by face-to-face interviews with 10 invited artists. The findings illustrate the issues disabled artists experience in their practice and highlight how they are commonly using mainstream digital technologies as part of their practice. However, there is little awareness around novel forms of technology (e.g. eye gaze tracking) that present new creative opportunities. The importance of digital tools for supporting wider practice (i.e. administrative and business tasks) was also highlighted as a key area where further work is required.