跨国公司的跨境环境管理及其对中国的启示

随着跨国公司海外子公司数量的增加,其跨境环境管理对东道国环境的影响与日俱增.通过回顾相关文献,本文全面剖析了跨境环境管理的含义与类型划分、战略动力机制及其对公司绩效的影响.在此基础上,结合跨国公司目前在华的环境管理实践,提出了我国政府的对策,即提高环境标准、加强环境执行力和对环境战略转型者提供必要支持.     

需求与资源:一项关于流动儿童适应的研究

在流动儿童与环境的互动中,因环境资源供给的不足,产生了适应性困难,影响了流动儿童的自我发展.帮助流动儿童适应,应认识到他们与本地儿童在生命历程及自我发展上的差异,了解流动儿童对环境变化和压力的反应,确认他们的需求,并针对需求从家庭学校、城市社区两大系统增加资源的供给,发展他们有效适应压力的能力,帮助他们在与环境互动时形成自主感和愉悦感.     

Supporting public financial management in conflict‐affected situations: Adapting to change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

This article traces the introduction of public financial management (PFM) processes and systems in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs) since they came under the control of the Palestinian Authority (PA). A number of factors combined make for an extremely challenging context for external actors to catalyse change: non‐existent formal central government functions at the time the PA was established, major restrictions in the movement of goods and people, ill‐designed donor budget support and a very asymmetric distribution of power that favours the status quo. An unelected government, donor‐dependency and a suffocating and chronic (yet low‐level) conflict are increasingly de‐incentivizing long‐term institutional reform. Such a complex problem requires multi‐faceted solutions. This article describes a dual delivery model adopted by the Palestinian Governance Facility (PGF) encompassing adaptive interventions that support longer‐term PFM improvements combined with the introduction of a selective workstream targeting service delivery. This focuses on the management of external medical referrals, which emerged as a political problem. A flexible development assistance delivery model can allow reform areas not anticipated at project design to be tackled as they emerge on the political agenda and open the space for political capital. A constant examination of contextual issues and re‐programming of project activities are offering lessons from which to learn and adapt. The ideal coalition involves flexible, aligned donors and relevant “institutional entrepreneurs” from within local organizations, with direct access to politicians. If high‐level government buy‐in falters, a coalition of technocrats may help construct and broker problems from which to gain political access.     

The Elderly and the Extended Household in Portugal: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis

Portugal, a southern European country, is expected to exhibit a relatively large proportion of extended households. However, following some general trends associated with large social transformations, Portugal is also expected to have an increasingly larger proportion of nuclear families. We use data from the eight waves of ECHP (European Community Household Panel), covering the years from 1994 to 2001, to establish whether these expectations are justified. Among the nuclear households that include elderly members, we isolate those corresponding to single-person households, since they are particularly relevant for policy purposes. Separate analyses are carried out for the elderly with health problems and for those with no health problems, in order to detect different patterns of living arrangements. We also project the living arrangements until 2005, based on an age-period-cohort analysis. We find that the extended households are a very significant form of living arrangement with reference to the Portuguese elderly, and a living arrangement whose importance is not declining over time. In particular, the oldest old constitutes the group that tends to be found living most frequently in extended households, while those with health problems start much earlier than those with no health problems to live in extended households as they grow older. The proportion of individuals aged 65+ living alone has somewhat decreased, but the proportion of this type of household largely increases with age.

北京街头无照经营商贩生存状况调查研究

对城市无照街头商贩的管理和服务问题,以往无论是政府还是学者都从“管理论”的视角去研究这一问题,很少有从商贩本身的角度或需要进行切入。本文以北京市无照商贩的生存状况为研究起点．通过社会调查了解北京街头商贩的工作情况、生活质量、各种关系及需求,最终使读者及相关部门对街头无照商贩的生存处境和需求有一个较清楚的认识,同时也为这一问题的合理解决,实现商贩和城市的共同、和谐发展提供了意见和建议。     

城乡统筹战略指导下的农村最低生活保障制度建设

最低生活保障制度是绝大多数市场经济国家普遍实行的以保障全体公民基本生存权利为目标的社会救助制度。针对我国目前城乡分割的二元社会结构,基于长期以来在计划经济时期形成的重城市轻农村的发展思路,城镇和农村实施的是内容和标准完全不同、甚至是城镇低保制度优于农村低保制度的不公平的现状。如何有效解决农村的贫困问题是一个值得深思和解决的问题。本文认为,以城乡统筹的战略发展思路,建立健全农村最低生活保障制度。探索城乡统一的居民最低生活保障制度,是一条解决城乡贫困问题的有效的制度安排和政策选择。     

Household wealth and the measurement of economic well-being in the United States

We analyze the level and distribution of economic well-being in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s based on the standard measure of money income and a measure in which income from wealth is calculated as the sum of lifetime annuity from nonhome wealth and imputed rental-equivalent for owner-occupied homes. Over the 1982–2000 period, median well-being increases faster when these adjustments are made than when standard money income is used. This adjustment also widens the income gap between African-Americans and whites but increases the relative well-being of the elderly. Adding imputed rent and annuities from household wealth to household income considerably increases measured inequality and the share of income from wealth in inequality. However, both measures show about the same rise in inequality over the period. We also find an increasing share of wage and salary income in our expanded definition of income among the richest 1% over the period but do not find that the “working rich” have largely replaced rentiers at the top of the economic ladder.      

Climate Change Adaptation: Community Action,Disadvantaged Groups and Practice Implications for Social Work

This paper explores community-level action in relation to socially based climate change adaptations for vulnerable citizens—older people in particular. While awareness of risk and adaptation has increased in various institutions across Australia, the translation of awareness into action is limited, particularly in the area of socially based adaptive measures for the most vulnerable. Through content analysis of local government documents in two major Australian cities, this paper assesses the extent of action and identifies trends and strategies in relation to social adaptation. Findings indicate varying levels of action and some examples of “best practice,” but overall, evidence indicates more effort is needed at the community level. The role of the social work profession in challenging and broadening discourse is also explored especially in terms of highlighting the social impacts of climate change in future policy development, community action, and initiatives.     

Green facades—a view back and some visions

Building facades are under permanent environmental influences, such as sun and acid rain, which age and can ultimately destroy them. Living wall systems can protect facades and offer similar benefits to those gained from installing a green roof. A view back in history shows that vegetated facades are not new technology but can offer multiple benefits as a component of current urban design. In the 19th century, in many European and some North American cities, woody climbers were frequently used as a cover for simple facades. In Central Europe in the 1980s a growing interest in environmental issues resulted in the vision to bring nature into cities. In many German cities incentive programmes were developed, including some that supported tenant initiatives for planting and maintaining climbers in their backyards and facades. Since the 1980s, research has been conducted on issues such as the insulating effects of plants on facades, the ability of plants to mitigate dust, plants’ evaporative cooling effects, and habitat creation for urban wildlife, including birds, spiders and beetles. The aim of this paper is to review research activities on the green wall and facade technology with a focus on Germany. The potential of green facades to improve urban microclimate and buildings’ ecological footprint is high, but they have not developed a widespread presence outside of Germany because they are not as well known as green roofs and there is a lack of implementation guidelines and incentive programs in other countries.     

评深化对劳动价值理论研究的两种思路

本文就当前深化对劳动价值理论研究的“要素价值论”和“活劳动价值论”这两种思路作出了较系统的评述。对“要素价值论”主张的物化劳动创造价值、科学技术创造价值和各种非劳动要素共同创造价值的观点作了深入的分析,指出了这些观点在理论上存在的问题,因而按这一思路来进行研究不能达到深化对劳动价值理论认识的目的。对“活劳动价值论”主张的应深化认识创造价值的劳动这一观点作了深入的分析,在肯定这一研究思路所取得的重要成果的基础上,指出了需要进一步深入研究的几个主要问题,以及深化对劳动价值理论研究的主攻方向。