新中国农业政策的嬗变与评述

新中国农业政策总体上经历了三大时期和若干个阶段。即1949-1978年艰难曲折时期：主要实行以“工农产品剪刀差”为主要特征、对农业“多取少予”的“扭曲性”政策,从而导致城乡二元经济与体制结构形成;1978-1986年改革开放初期：建立以“家庭联产承包责任制”为核心,使农民成为经营主体的统分结合的经营体制,并继续巩固与完善相应的农业政策;1997-2008年改革开放深化时期：主要推行“粮食保护价”制度,实行农村税费改革,颁布《农村土地承包法》,逐步取消农业税,提出以发展现代农业和加强农业基础建设为核心,建设社会主义新农村,以促进农业发展和农民增收,走中国特色农业现代化道路等政策。综观建国以来农业政策目标与措施的嬗变,农业政策涵盖面比较广泛,所制定的政策方向日趋科学合理,增加农业产出和提高农民收入始终是农业政策的两大主题,但对农业非经济品还没有给予应有的重视,对非经济与经济品之间的联系缺乏必要的认识。     

东亚地区主义与美国东亚霸权

东亚地区合作的思想由来已久,并有着深厚的内在基础。但东亚地区真正起步还是在冷战以后。这个过程与美国东亚霸权紧密相连。某种程度上,东亚地区合作只是美国东亚霸权的附属产品。但美国东亚霸权目标和手段的内在矛盾决定了美国对东亚地区合作的两面性。东亚地区正是充分利用这个两面性,促进了本地区的合作与整合,形成了一股具有内生变量的,不以美国东亚霸权志趣为转移的力量或态势。但随着东亚地区实力的上升和进一步整合,美国这种内在矛盾性将进一步凸现。未来如何化解美国东亚霸权和东亚地区发展这种矛盾成为目前非常紧迫的课题。     

中国流动儿童政策分析

本文从儿童权利平等的角度出发,结合2003年“中国九城市流动儿童生活状况调查”数据,从国家和地方两个层面,主观和客观两个方面深入分析流动儿童政策的现状,剖析国家和地方政府之间的义务和责任关系,分析影响流动儿童政策制定、执行等环节的因素,针对流动儿童主要问题,提出政策建议。     

民间商会与地方治理:功能及其限度——温州异地商会的个案研究

20世纪90年代以来,在全国各地经商办企业的温州商人纷纷在经商所在地组建起自己的组织——温州异地商会。由于其利益诉求与地方政府的发展目标相契合,异地商会遂以其强大的经济效应和独特的组织优势,运用各种政治策略,公开地介入社会公共事物的治理之中,对社会治理和公共政策产生了重要影响。但异地商会在拓展温州商人经济的同时,也带来了一系列负效应,如官商勾结、权钱交易等。因此,执政党必须加快推进行政体制改革和政府职能的转变,在法律和制度层面明确界定好政府与社会组织的治理边界,促进民间商会及其他社会中介组织的健康发展和社会自主治理的形成。     

Integrating commercial and residential pickup and delivery networks: A case study

This paper presents a strategic analysis of the network design problem faced by pickup and delivery companies operating in metropolitan areas and serving two or more classes of customers. The focus is on a division that treats commercial and residential customers separately, a situation motivated by their respective geographic densities and the size and frequency of their demand. In constructing driver work areas, it is necessary to take into account expected demand, vehicle capacity, time on the road, and the aspect ratio of the individual territories. This leads to a capacitated clustering problem with side constraints that has been the subject of intense research over the last decade.     

政策及经济环境对企业投资决策方法选择的影响

本文使用结构方程方法,基于问卷调查结果,对政策和经济环境变化对于企业投资决策方法选择的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,政策环境对企业投资决策方法有影响,在政策因素变化条件下,上市公司回避使用净现值方法;经济环境对于企业投资决策方法影响不大,论文分析结果没有表现出经济因素是否变化对投资决策方法选择有明显影响。     

社会正义的实现:从“排斥冶走向“包容性政策冶

我国社会政策经历过一个建构与重构的过程,但排斥性是一以贯之的主基调.随着人类从工业社会逐步迈入后工业社会,基于差异承认与平等实现而形成的二维正义观登场.而现行社会政策既无法体现对差异的尊重,也无法保证平等实现,从而呈现出对正义的偏离.只有建立起包容性社会政策,尊重个体差异,同时保证多元主体享有共同福利的机会和水平,才能实现正义.     

Comparing policy advisory systems beyond the OECD: models,dynamics and the second-generation research agenda

ABSTRACT

The concept of “policy advisory systems” was introduced by Halligan in 1995 as a way to characterize and analyze the multiple sources of policy advice utilized by governments in policy-making processes. The concept has proved useful and has influenced thinking about both the nature of policy work in different advisory venues as well as how these systems change over time. However, to date this work has examined mainly cases of developed countries and its application to developing and transitional countries is less certain. This paper sets out existing models of policy advisory systems based on Halligan’s original thinking on the subject and assesses the findings of many existing studies into OECD countries that advisory systems have been changing as a result of the dual effects of increased use of external consultants and others sources of advice – “externalization” – and the increased use of partisan advice inside government itself – “politicization”. Determining whether or not such changes have also characterized the situations found in developing and transitional countries and at the international-domestic and state-sub-state levels is the subject of the papers in this Special Issue.     

Fluctuating capacity of policy advice in Russia: testing theory in developing country context

ABSTRACT

Theories and concepts developed and empirically tested in the context of North American and Western European countries do not always easily transfer to another political landscape. The concept of “policy advisory system” is not an exception. On the one hand, policy processes and policy styles are not unique for each country; therefore, some generalizations can be made. On the other hand, studding particularities of policy process in a specific country can enrich theories, developed for general cases. Applying existing theories to a new context also goes a long way in verification and potential falsification – the fundamental requirement for a scientific process. This article aims to contribute to the debate on the topic of policy advisory system by comparing the development of three policies in Russia, each involving policy advisors to some extent. Based on this analysis, lessons are drawn regarding the conditions under which policy advisors can impact policy changes in an environment, alternative to “western.”     

Policy Space: What,for What,and Where?

This article examines how developing countries can use, and enlarge, existing policy space, without opting out of international commitments. It argues that: (i) a meaningful context for policy space must extend beyond trade policy and include macroeconomic and exchange‐rate policies that will achieve developmental goals more effectively; (ii) policy space depends not only on international rules but also on the impact of international market conditions and policy decisions taken in other countries on the effectiveness of national policy instruments; and (iii) international integration affects policy space through several factors that pull in opposite directions; whether it increases or reduces policy space differs by country and type of integration.