美国贸易法案"201条款"与钢铁保障措施的法律分析

美国以国内贸易法"201条款"为依据,掀起了新一轮贸易保护主义浪潮。此次美国钢铁贸易保障措施的启动是由多方面原因造成的。美国的"201条款"与WTO的"保障措施协定"存在抵触。美国钢铁贸易保障措施实质上是一种单边主义的保护行为,将对世界贸易组织的稳定带来巨大的冲击。中国必须作出应对的战略选择,维护国家经济主权。     

Various measures of dependence of a new asymmetric generalized Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copulas

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we discuss an asymmetric extension of Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copulas studied by several authors and obtain the range of the parameter. We derive an expression for regression function and the properties of these copulas are studied in detail. Also, explicit expressions for various measures of association are obtained. These measures are numerically compared for some particular parametric values of the copulas.     

Fruit safety regulations in the transatlantic region: How are Africa’s exports faring with the regulations?

The regulations of fruit trade for safe consumption are taken seriously in the EU and US markets to protect the health of the consumers, animals, plants and environmental safety, and thereby reduce health expenditures. The fruit safety regulations as trade policy measures could be either trade-promoting or -impeding. The extensiveness and intensiveness of fruit safety regulations in these markets often have consequences for exporters from Africa and their desire to attain sustainable economic development. The effects of fruit safety regulations are heterogeneous across economic agents. To this end, many stakeholders in Africa’s food system have perceived compliance with these food regulatory measures as necessary conditions to access the developed countries’ markets, particularly in the EU and US. Besides, the competitiveness of Africa’s fruit exports has been impacted by the preponderance of the measures despite its comparative advantages in the fruits sub-sector. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of the EU and US sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Africa’s fruit exports. The empirical strategy involves the use of an augmented gravity model which explore the disentangling of these impact at the extensive and intensive margins of exports. Given the nature of trade data and specifically for this study, the zero trade flows are considered at both margins of exports for 45 African countries from 1995 to 2017. This study finds that the US market is more trade-impeding to Africa’s fruit exports than the EU market. Thus, Africa needs policies tweaking in the fruit value chain quality infrastructure, fruits’ quality and standards enforcement, capacity development, continuous update and modernisation of the fruits’ safety laws, directives and/or regulations. This will enhance the fruits’ quality to propel their access to the transatlantic markets.     

新时期国家教育考试安全问题及其对策

新时期国家教育考试安全存在的主要问题可概括为:考前试题失(泄)密行为时有发生;考中考生舞弊行为较为猖獗;考后通过不法途径篡改考生数据信息;考试过程中各种突发事件不断.形成这些问题的主要原因在于:考生投机取巧心理影响,社会诚信环境影响,考试法制建设相对滞后,考试管理部门内部工作失序,考试功能发生异化.提出了积极应对的措施.     

从法律制度层面防治刑讯逼供的措施研究

刑讯逼供一直以来是司法实务中的顽症之一.本文试图从法律制度层面来探讨我国防治刑讯逼供的措施,即真正确立无罪推定原则,建立有限的沉默权制度,完善当事人获得律师帮助制度;确立直接言词原则,明确警察和证人等出庭作证的义务;完善我国证据立法,确立非法证据排除规则;强化监督特别是重视检察监督和法院的司法审查监督,切实落实对刑讯逼...     

流动人口计生管理问题及其多层次原因分析——以深圳市盐田区为例

本文利用在深圳市盐田区通过多种形式获得的第一手资料,从流入城市的区、街道和居委会三个层面描述流动人口计划生育管理的现状和存在的主要问题,并从流动人口自身特点、计划生育行政地位、计划生育管理体制、社会环境等多个角度深入展开原因和对策分析.研究发现,强化基层计划生育机构行政职权、健全"齐抓共管"工作机制以及改善流动人口计生管理工作的法律和财政环境是提高流动人口计划生育管理绩效的重要途径.     

完善我国刑事强制措施监督方式的思考

自新《刑事诉讼法》施行以来,人权保障思维导向日渐明显,保障人权与打击犯罪之间的逻辑顺序逐渐成为理论研究与司法实务探讨的重点。加强对于刑事诉讼活动中强制措施的监督十分关键,强制措施通常包括三类：对人身自由权的强制措施,对物的强制措施以及对公民隐私权的强制措施。我国目前法律仅明确规定了关于人身自由权的强制措施,其他强制措施仅仅只有侦查机关内部监督,而且监督方式较为单一,与英美法系和大陆法系相比较,我国强制措施监督方式有待进一步完善。     

Growth curve models with restrictions on random parameters

In the classical growth curve setting, individuals are repeatedly measured over time on an outcome of interest. The objective of statistical modeling is to fit some function of time, generally a polynomial, that describes the outcome's behavior. The polynomial coefficients are assumed drawn from a multivariate normal mixing distribution. At times, it may be known that each individual's polynomial must follow a restricted form. When the polynomial coefficients lie close to the restriction boundary, or the outcome is subject to substantial measurement error, or relatively few observations per individual are recorded, it can be advantageous to incorporate known restrictions. This paper introduces a class of models where the polynomial coefficients are assumed drawn from a restricted multivariate normal whose support is confined to a theoretically permissible region. The model can handle a variety of restrictions on the space of random parameters. The restricted support ensures that each individual's random polynomial is theoretically plausible. Estimation, posterior calculations, and comparisons with the unrestricted approach are provided.     

Mapping the organization a methodological approach to organizational change initiation

facturers have realized that in order to survive in this market a new way of doing business is required. Initiating and planning changes is the focus of this paper, which describes a new methodology developed with the Israeli Military Industries. The methodology is designed to promote and initiate change in operations by defining a well-structured approach to Abstract. The defence industry is facing a shrinking market and tough competition. Most defence contractors and manu     

Sensitivity Analysis for Dependent Variables*

Decision analysts use sensitivity analysis to identify influential variables, to determine which input variables to model stochastically, and to characterize scenarios that could affect a change in the rank ordering of the alternatives. A frequently recommended sensitivity analysis technique is “one‐way” sensitivity analysis, which determines a variable's influence by the degree to which the objective function changes as that variable is varied while all other variables are held fixed. Disadvantages of one‐way analysis are that it measures the influence of only one variable at a time and it assumes independence among the input variables. Clearly, however, there are situations when dependencies exist among the input variables that could possibly affect the sensitivity analysis results. This research develops a strategy that incorporates dependence relations among the input variables into the sensitivity analysis using rank correlations. Only decision problems with a finite number of alternatives and continuous state variables are considered.