脱贫人口返贫风险监测：机制设置、维度聚焦与实现路径

加强脱贫人口返贫风险监测是后脱贫时代农村贫困治理的必然要求。遵循脱贫人口返贫问题事前治理逻辑,基于对返贫风险生发运演机理的理性揭示和科学预判,把内生脱贫动力、生计资源禀赋、外部灾害冲击和社会负面影响作为脱贫人口返贫生发的主要监测维度,且诸维度之间相互作用、相辅相成。返贫风险监测机制基于四大维度的监测预警能力越强,则越有利于及时化解返贫风险、阻断返贫。当前脱贫人口返贫风险监测机制建设面临监测制度不完善、监测主体配合机械式、监测技术体系不健全、风险信息管理碎片化和监测工作考核监督不完善等不利因素,迫切需要完善风险监测制度,布控筑牢脱贫人口返贫防线;明确风险监测职责,推动多元主体共同参与;强化监测技术体系支撑,打造返贫信息共享平台;创新信息管理机制,构建协同治理良好格局;共同推动后脱贫时代脱贫人口返贫风险监测机制的逐步形成、持续巩固和长效发力。     

Multidimensional poverty: An alternative measurement approach for the United States?

International poverty research has increasingly underscored the need to use multidimensional approaches to measure poverty. Largely embraced in Europe and elsewhere, this has not had much impact on the way poverty is measured in the United States. In this paper, I use a comprehensive multidimensional framework including economic well-being, capability, and social inclusion to examine poverty in the US. Data from the 2004 General Social Survey support the interconnectedness among these poverty dimensions, indicating that the multidimensional framework utilizing a comprehensive set of information provides a compelling value added to poverty measurement. The suggested demographic characteristics of the various categories of the poor are somewhat similar between this approach and other traditional approaches. But the more comprehensive and accurate measurement outcomes from this approach help policymakers target resources at the specific groups.     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

Between reform and inertia: Bolivia's employment and social protection policies over the past 20 years

With the coming to power in 2006 of Evo Morales' Movement Toward Socialism, Bolivia entered a new stage in its history: a period of ambitious political and economic reform aiming to transcend the neo‐liberal development model in place since 1985 and to renew the State on the basis of its new Constitution, drawn up in 2008. Against this background, this article examines changes in labour law and social protection during the 1980s and 1990s and takes stock of the challenges of implementing a development strategy focusing on full employment and equity.     

Persistence of an exclusionary model: Inequality and segmentation in Mexican society

Beginning in the 1980s, Mexico's social and labour policies took a neoliberal turn which exacerbated inequalities, poverty and social exclusion. The change of policy course that has occurred over the past decade has so far failed to bring about a critical review of the country's economic model and its social consequences. The role of the State has been systematically cut back; social services have been outsourced to the market; and informal family‐based social protection has gained ground. Mexico's social model has thus been reduced to a system that is almost exclusively concerned with protection for those living in extreme poverty.     

The U.S. Health System and Immigration: An Institutional Interpretation1

We examine the institutions that comprise the U.S. health system and their relationship to a surging immigrant population. The clash between the system and this human flow originates in the large number of immigrants who are unauthorized, poor, and uninsured and, hence, unable to access a system largely based on ability to pay. Basic concepts from sociological theory are brought to bear on the analysis of this clash and its consequences. Data from a recently completed study of health institutions in three areas of the United States are used as an empirical basis to illustrate various aspects of this complex relation. Implications of our results for theory and future health policy are discussed.     

湘西土家族苗族自治州扶贫开发的历史反思

经过 2 0年的艰苦奋斗 ,湘西土家族苗族自治州的扶贫开发取得了显著成效 ,基本实现了预期的扶贫工作目标。但是 ,全州仍然有相当部分农村人口尚未解决温饱问题 ,扶贫任务还十分艰巨。本文从全国反贫困战略的角度 ,梳理了湘西州扶贫开发的基本过程 ,评述了扶贫开发的思路和举措 ,总结了 2 0年扶贫开发的基本经验 ,对于推动下一步的扶贫开发工作具有一定的启发作用。     

扶贫政策与农村贫困

农村贫困是当代中国农村的一个严峻的现实问题。为了减缓农村贫困,中国政府颁布了一系列的扶贫文件,实施了一系列的扶贫政策。本文考察了扶贫政策出台的背景,回顾了扶贫政策的历史,指出了扶贫政策中存在的问题。文章试图表明的是,要想真正减缓农村贫困,政府必须加大扶贫力度,改变现存扶贫政策中存在的诸多问题。      

数字经济的减贫效应研究

利用中国2011-2018年省份数据,构建面板回归模型和多重中介模型探讨数字经济的减贫效应及影响机理.研究发现:数字经济与农村贫困发生率存在显著负向关系,在考虑城镇化、经济增长等影响贫困因素的基础上,减贫效应依旧显著;数字经济的收入增长效应和收入分配效应显著,即数字经济可通过促进家庭增收和弱化收入差距的渠道影响贫困,但数据资源配置不均带来的数字鸿沟可能会扩大城乡收入差距,加大相对贫困的治理难度.     

安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率时空格局演化及影响机理

采用DEA模型对安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率的综合测度影响因素分析可知:安徽省大别山区旅游扶贫效率处于中等偏低水平,呈现波动上升的趋势,主要受规模效率驱动;旅游扶贫规模效率和旅游扶贫综合效率的空间分异特征较为类似,均呈现出区域中间高南北低的分布,旅游扶贫纯技术效率高值区呈现出由区域北部和南部片状集中分布逐渐向四周不断分散分布的演化态势;投入规模、人力支持水平、可达性水平、信息化水平对大别山区旅游扶贫效率产生正向影响,且影响强弱呈现为信息化水平>人力支持>可达性水平>投入规模。