Room for climate advocates in a coal‐focused economy? NGO influence on Australian climate policy

Many Australian environmental non‐government organisations (NGOs) have campaigned for greater political action and community awareness on human‐induced climate change for almost two decades. Australian emissions are the highest per person in the world, yet the Government's response is heavily influenced by the economically‐significant fossil fuel industry. NGO campaigners are sceptical of their campaigns' effectiveness. This paper presents three methods for evaluating the effectiveness of NGO climate change campaigns: Moyer's Movement Action Plan, Schumaker's Assessment of Political Effectiveness, and a document analysis of the influence of NGO submissions to climate policy processes. Evaluation is critical for NGO campaigns to improve their effectiveness, and evaluation criteria and methods should ideally be designed in parallel with the campaign strategy. Using these evaluation methods, it is evident that Australian NGO campaigns on climate change have been effective.     

农村公共产品的非政府供给

本文综述了公共产品非政府供给的有关理论基础,讨论了不同类型的农村公共产品非政府供给形式,分析了我国农村公共产品非政府供给存在的非政府组织能力低下、制度设计存在严重偏差、对于乡村干部缺乏约束和激励、忽视传统治理资源等问题.并指出要通过增强非政府组织相关能力,发挥制度协同作用,注意实现乡村干部的有效约束和激励,改造传统治理资源等措施改进农村公共产品非政府供给的效率.     

民族团结边疆稳定战略下培育和规范民间组织研究

从经济学、社会学和政治学的视角看待民间组织的功能,常被看成是对“市场失灵”与“政府失灵”的有益补充,能够增强社会资本的储量,是民主的治理方式或是对国家的替代甚至抵制。基于民族团结边疆稳定战略下的民间组织培育发展和规范管理,政府应对慈善公益类、经济类、科技类、社区服务类民间组织采取多样化的培育支持策略,针对民族政治色彩浓厚且以社会自治为目的的民间组织采取不鼓励、限制其发展的分类实施控制。     

A Study of the Relationship Between Innovation and Performance Among NPOs in Pakistan

Abstract

Innovation has become a core driver for the success and survival of organizations regardless of their size and nature. A plethora of literature has discussed the importance of innovation in profit-based organizations, while nonprofit organizations (NPOs) have generally been ignored in research. This study examines the influence of the sub-dimensions of innovation on the performance of NPOs. Data were collected through structured questionnaires using a sample size of 309 NPOs operating in the emerging market Pakistan. The hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS.21. The results indicate that process innovation and organization innovation have significant positive influence on the performance of NPOs, while product innovation and marketing innovation have insignificant influence on the performance of NPOs. NPOs are advised to give enough attention to process and organization innovation in order to boost their performance. Future researchers are encouraged to test the model in other environmental settings. Implications for practice were discussed.     

非政府间国际组织的国际法律人格限制性评析

随着国际关系的发展,非政府间国际组织参与国际活动越来越频繁,作用越来越大,但是它们至今仍不具有国际法主体资格,不能直接承受国际法上的权利义务,这必然会影响和限制其作用的发挥。本文旨在通过分析和评价国际非政府组织的法律人格的受局限性,得出尽快赋予其国际法主体资格的紧迫性和必要性,以充分发挥非政府间国际组织对国际关系和国际法的影响和作用,只有这样,才能更好地适应国际社会发展的现实需要。     

The World Bank's Use of Country Systems for Procurement: A Good Idea Gone Bad?

The World Bank's newest country‐systems policy, adopted in 2008, allows borrowers to use their national systems to conduct procurement and manage finances for Bank‐funded projects. In principle, it will incentivise institutional reform, increase local ownership, and facilitate donor harmonisation. In practice, its content and the handling of stakeholder input seem to indicate that the Bank's dominant desire has been to preserve its market share. This article demonstrates (i) how deficiencies in the policy may reverse the Bank's work on governance and undercut aid efficiency, and (ii) how its handling of public consultations on the policy ignored the Bank's best practices. It concludes with steps for improving the policy, including re‐opening dialogue with key stakeholders.     

论NGOs的发展与全球公民社会的形成

文章认为当今世界迎来了一个NGOs全球行动的时代，NGOs所开展的全球服务在提供公民福利与社会服务中扮演了重要作用，以及在形成全球公民社会的进程中的重大贡献。特别指出了非政府组织在服务全球社会的过程中逐渐确立了很多普世性的价值。并指出了在一个日益开放和全球公民社会的时代，应该积极鼓励与推动中国非政府组织的培育与发展。     

我国农民组织意识：现状、成因与思考——基于农村非政府组织发展状况的考量

20世纪七十年代以来,非政府组织风靡全球,不仅掀起了一场真正的全球结社革命,而且成为弥补＂政府失灵＂与＂市场失灵＂的一支重要力量。改革开放以来,我国非政府组织也得到了快速发展。农村非政府组织作为其中的一种,在农村经济社会发展,农民权益维护等方面扮演着极为重要的角色。然而,由于历史和政策法规等现实方面的原因,我国农村非政府组织的发展依旧不如人意,农民组织意识也并不强烈。在影响农民组织意识的诸多因素中,中国传统文化、农民的经济状况与文化程度以及国家政策法规成为最主要的方面。     

Women's NGOs at UN Conferences: The 1992 Rio Conference on the Environment as a Watershed Event

SUMMARY

Before the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Brazil in 1992, the involvement of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in UN conferences was limited. NGOs participate in UN conferences in two ways, at a non-governmental forum usually convened simultaneously with an official UN conference, or as accredited observers to the official conference where government delegations meet and make decisions. Only 200 NGOs were granted access to the official portion of the Decade for Women Conference held in Nairobi in 1985, whereas 1,400 organizations were accredited to attend UNCED in Rio in 1992. And while only a small portion, about 5 percent, of those were women-oriented NGOs, they had a significant impact on the outcome. An entire chapter on women and environmental issues was added to the official conference document, and cross-cutting references to women were included throughout the document. This achievement reflects the work of several uniquely placed women, in and outside governments and the United Nations system, working together to build an international network of women and bring their voices to the table. Moreover, the techniques they developed have been used by women at every major UN conference held since 1992.     

Improving Development Ownership Among Vulnerable People: Challenges of NGOs’ Community Empowerment Projects in Bangladesh

This paper exposed the major challenges that the non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) face in improving development ownership among vulnerable people in community empowerment projects in Bangladesh. The finding, based on a qualitative research approach, used multi‐method data collection procedures. Data were collected from two NGOs, Proshika and Practical Action Bangladesh (PAB), working with two vulnerable communities—blacksmiths and goldsmiths. The results showed that NGOs faced a number of challenges, including lack of understanding about the local context, initiatives to localize global development tools, developing partnership, and space for local people in the development processes. The paper argued that, without securing development ownership, the NGOs’ activities toward community empowerment of vulnerable people would not be possible. The findings of the paper would be valuable guidelines for policy makers, development practitioners, NGO workers, and academicians.