Informal Referrals,Employment, and Wages: Seeking Causal Relationships

Employers and job seekers rely extensively on informal referrals to fill vacancies or to find a job. The widespread use of job contacts has been largely associated with labor outcomes, such as finding a job or even affecting wages. This paper explores whether the use of informal referrals on the job search process affects labor market outcomes of Colombian urban workers. Results indicate that informal referrals are slightly more successful than other job search strategies in term of job seeker's placement. However, referred workers earn in average less than their non‐referred counterparts. Yet, this is only true in formal‐sector positions.     

ROUTES OF INFECTION: EXPORTS AND HIV INCIDENCE IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA

This paper estimates whether exports affect the incidence of HIV in Africa. This relationship has implications for HIV prevention policy as well as for the consequences of trade increases in Africa. I estimate this impact using two sources of data on HIV incidence, one generated based on UNAIDS estimates and the other based on observed HIV mortality. These data are combined with data on export value and volume. I find a fairly consistent positive relationship between exports and new HIV infections: doubling exports leads to a 10%–70% increase in new HIV infections. Consistent with theory, this relationship is larger in areas with higher baseline HIV prevalence. I interpret the result as suggesting that increased exports increase the movement of people (trucking), which increases sexual contacts. Consistent with this interpretation, the effect is larger for export growth than for income growth per se and is larger in areas with more extensive road networks.     

AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF LIFETIME INEQUALITY: HOW CONTINENTAL EUROPE RESEMBLES NORTH AMERICA

We compare earnings inequality and mobility across the United States, Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom during the late 1990s. A flexible model of earnings dynamics that isolates positional mobility within a stable earnings distribution is estimated. Earnings trajectories are then simulated, and lifetime annuity value distributions are constructed. Earnings mobility and employment risk are found to be positively correlated with base‐year inequality. Taken together they produce more equalization in countries with high cross‐section inequality such that the countries in our sample have more similar lifetime inequality levels than cross‐section measures suggest.     

奥尼尔《诗人的气质》中的文化身份叙事

作为爱尔兰移民后裔,加之生活的颠沛流离,奥尼尔对文化身份的归属和认同有着强烈的需求。游走于各种思潮之间,奥尼尔自身成为了被不同文化定义的主体,身份的多重性与分裂性与现实的焦虑产生交集,让奥尼尔能通过《诗人的气质》全方位、多维度地展现两种文化、两个族裔之间的冲突、文化身份的困惑与迷茫,展开了奥尼尔式的文化叙事与身份建构     

论欧·亨利文学作品中个性化人物的象征意义

欧·亨利作为美国短篇小说一代巨匠,在世界文坛拥有巨大影响力。究其根源,十分重要的一方面即在于其小说中人物创设个性化的同时被赋予了广泛而深邃的象征意义,让人感受到强大的震撼与共鸣。文章通过选取欧·亨利成名之作的四部小说中的四位个性化人物并加以分析,以深化学界对其作品中人物象征意义的探究。     

男权社会中的女性悲歌——评《月照不幸人》中的乔茜

文章从分析入手,探讨尤金.奥尼尔的晚期经典剧作《月照不幸人》中女主角乔茜在男权社会的性别角色规范与建构中的悲剧性命运。     

良好的托管,诗意的人生——生态神学视野下的亚历山德拉

《啊,拓荒者!》是凯瑟以拓荒者生活为素材创作的第一部长篇小说。在小说中,作家塑造了一位高大的生态女性形象——亚历山德拉,她不辱上帝的使命,在拓荒的过程中对土地实施了良好的托管,建构了诗意的人生,实现了自我超越与生命价值的升华。以生态神学批评的视角欣赏这部作品,有助于推动自然生态与人文精神生态之间的良性互动,重新审视人与自然的关系,建设一个健康、和谐的生物共同体。     

奥尼尔的悲观主义及悲剧创作

奥尼尔的悲观主义植根于他个人的坎坷生活,而他的悲剧创作意识更是来自他自身的痛苦经历,是他对人生和社会进行观察和体验的沉淀与结晶,所以在奥尼尔的剧作中,几乎所有的主人公都是漂泊不定、无家可归的人,他们是社会底层的小人物,通过对他们的悲惨遭遇、精神创伤和内心苦痛的深刻剖析与揭露,体现了生活的主题、社会的基础和历史的主流。     

同质异趣色彩纷呈--莫泊桑与欧·亨利短篇小说布局艺术比较

个性是创作的生命。尽管莫泊桑和欧·亨利同是短篇小说大师,都以布局的精致巧妙而著称,但他们在创作上却是各自发挥他们独有的艺术魅力,显示出其独特的创作个性和风格,两人的创作,无论是从情节的设置、结尾艺术,还是叙述方式等方面,在有着外在相似性的同时,还有着内在的相通与相异。     

《善良的乡下人》中的“南方情结”探析

作为美国南方的重要作家,弗兰纳里·奥康纳的文学创作自然离不开美国南方这个大背景,本文通过对其短篇小说《善良的乡下人》的分析来揭示其“南方情结”。