从巴黎和会上的山东问题看世界新旧秩序的冲突

巴黎和会上,面对错综复杂的“山东问题”,美国总统威尔逊起初积极支持中国的要求,而后迫于各方面压力接受了日本的条件。处理“山东问题”的曲折过程,从一个侧面折射出世界新、旧秩序观念在巴黎和会上的激烈冲突,同时反映出威尔逊新秩序构想的失败。     

Economic Manufacturing Quantity and Its Integrating Implications

Several contradictions are noted among the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Just‐In‐Time (JIT), and Optimized Production Technology (OPT) approaches and the economic framework for profit maximization. A fundamental model referred to as the Economic Manufacturing Quantity (EMO) is developed and examined for its integrating implications for the three approaches. An implication for the classic EOQ approach is that the balance between setup and inventory carrying costs is valid when a production facility is operating at or below a certain critical level but not when operating above that level. An implication for the JIT approach is that one must reduce setup cost at non‐bottlenecks and setup time at bottlenecks to reduce inventory. An implication for the OPT approach is that trade‐offs between setup and inventory carrying costs may indeed be ignored while determining process batch sizes, provided each facility in a production system is operating at or above Its critical level. Economic theoretic analysis of the EMO model provides a basis for unification of JIT which advocates stability in operating level as a key to improved productivity and quality, and OPT that advocates maximizing operating level with resultant emphasis on bottlenecks as a key to increased profits. This unifying basis states that a profit‐maximizing production facility or system will operate at the full and stable level as long as market demand remains relatively sensitive to price and operating at the full (maximum) level provides positive unit contribution.