Pop Goes the Woozle: Being Misled by Research on Child Custody and Parenting Plans

Mental health professionals, lawyers, and judges whose work involves child custody decisions are often presented with social science research on issues related to which parenting plan is in the children’s best interests. Unfortunately, this research can be misrepresented in ways that mislead these professionals and the children’s parents, leading to child custody decisions that are not the most beneficial for the children. The process of misrepresenting the research in ways that create myths and misconceptions has been referred to as woozling. This article describes how social science data can be woozled, illustrating this with examples related to parenting plans for children under the age of 5 whose parents have separated.     

Shared Parenting After Divorce: A Review of Shared Residential Parenting Research

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and the family court system is what type of parenting plan is most beneficial for children after their parents' divorce. How much time should children live with each parent? An increasing number of children are living with each parent at least 35% of the time in shared residential parenting families: How are these children and their parents faring? In what ways, if any, do divorced parents who share the residential parenting differ from parents whose children live almost exclusively with their mother? How stable are shared residential parenting plans? By reviewing the existing studies on shared parenting families, these questions are addressed.     

Shared Physical Custody: Summary of 40 Studies on Outcomes for Children

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and professionals involved in making custody decisions is this: What type of parenting plan is most beneficial for the children after their parents separate? More specifically, are the outcomes any better or worse for children who live with each parent at least 35% of the time compared to children who live primarily with their mother and spend less than 35% of the time living with their father? This article addresses this question by summarizing the 40 studies that have compared children in these two types of families during the past 25 years. Overall the children in shared parenting families had better outcomes on measures of emotional, behavioral, and psychological well-being, as well as better physical health and better relationships with their fathers and their mothers, benefits that remained even when there were high levels of conflict between their parents.     

欧盟国家养老金的名义帐户制改革评析——从对妇女和低收入者的影响进行分析

由于诸多因素的影响,如:人口老龄化的不断加剧、制度的日渐成熟、迅速增长的养老成本及增强在国际市场上的竞争力的迫切愿望,许多国家日益关注现今由于养老金制度的施行而造成的经济负担,它促使各国政策制定者去探求其它替代性模式。其中最富创见性的模式之一是产生于十年前的名义帐户制。本文旨在描述并探讨这种模式转换对妇女和低收入者的影响。笔者认为:在实行或部分实行名义帐户制的工业化国家里,妇女和低收入者获益会减少。然而,在发展中国家,情况却恰恰相反,名义帐户制取代现收现付制有利于实现高低收入者之间的收入再分配。     

Ageing Baby Boomers in Australia: Evidence Informing Actions for Better Retirement

The first Australian baby boomers are starting to retire. Consequently, it is essential to develop and apply a strong evidence base to facilitate their successful retirement and ongoing wellbeing. This review focuses on recent literature on pre‐retirement baby boomers to identify available research findings and gaps to be filled on retirement preparation. A notable shortage of empirical literature was found on pathways to retirement and financial plans. A trend emerged towards an intention to retire at an older age, and the main source of retirement income was expected to be superannuation. Over half of Australian boomers expect their savings to be sufficient; however, 30–50% anticipate a decline in their standard of living. The majority want the responsibility for funding retirement shared between the individual, government and employers. Further research is needed on the varying plans and expectations of men and women, of low‐skilled workers, and those from culturally diverse backgrounds.     

中国养老金投入与经济增长关系的协整性分析

基于中国的宏观经济数据,通过协整检验、误差修正模型和Granger因果关系检验,对经济增长和养老金投入的关系进行了实证研究。实证结果表明,养老金投入与经济增长存在长期的协整关系,经济增长是养老金投入的Granger原因,但养老金投入不是经济增长的Granger原因。     

Models of accepting an early retirement incentive

The presence of special early retirement incentives has changed the work environment for older workers. It is of interest to know how existing models of the timing of the pension acceptance decision function in an incentive environment. Furthermore, it is of interest to note the similarities or differences between males and females with regard to retirement behaviors. In this study, a basic utility maximization model, an expanded model, and an interactive model are applied to the acceptance of an early retirement pension incentive; probabilities of acceptance range from .18 to .39. Acceptance behavior without the incentive is simulated, with probabilities of acceptance ranging from .11 to .33. Addition of a set of socioeconomic and psychological variables and a vector of interactive variables is found to improve the basic model.The author would like to thank W. Keith Bryant, Olivia Mitchell and several anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts. Any remaining errors are, of course, my own. Acknowledgement is also given to the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station for funding assistance.Jeanne M. Hogarth is an associate professor in the Department of Consumer Economics and Housing, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Dr. Hogarth received her Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, Department of Family Resource Management and includes retirement decision making, such as the timing of retirement and use of financial resources during retirement, among her current research interests.     

非稳态下公共养老金资产负债表的编制与精算平衡调整

公共养老金资产负债表是国家资产负债表的重要组成部分,也是政府实施养老金改革的重要依据。已有研究给出了稳态下公共养老金资产负债表的编制方法,但这些方法无法直接用于非稳态情形。当前我国面临经济、人口、制度调整等非稳态环境,因此构建适应我国实际的非稳态下的公共养老金资产负债表成为重要的研究问题。非稳态下公共养老金资产负债表编制的主要难题在于缴费资产的计算。本文在梳理公共养老金资产负债表编制原理的基础上,推导出非稳态下缴费资产的计算公式,给出我国公共养老金资产负债表的编制方法和实际应用,并进一步测算分析了降低养老金待遇指数、延迟退休、提高缴费等多项改革对公共养老金资产负债表的影响。结果显示：我国公共养老金的资产负债平衡过度依赖财政补贴,无法实现缴费资产与负债的平衡。适当调整养老金待遇指数、退休年龄、缴费水平等参数,有助于恢复资产和负债的平衡,减轻制度对财政补贴的依赖。     

延迟退休的影响效果分析

近年来．延迟退休的问题引发了学术界和社会大众的广泛讨论。本文将研究视点放在提高退休年龄对养老金支付和劳动力就业的影响效果方面。通过构建不同的计量模型,实际估算了延迟退休对养老保险基金收支变化的影响．以及对劳动力市场的就业挤出效应。结果发现：提高法定退休年龄对养老金缺口存在一定的补偿效应。但从短期来看效果有限;而对就业总量的确将产生挤出效应。并发现,老年人就业岗位与青年人就业岗位之间存在替代性,也就是说延迟退休将严重影响青年人的就业。因此建议政府要慎重考虑并只能在适当的时机推动延迟退休。     

Overcoming Inertia: Do Automated Saving and Investing Strategies Work?

Many workers do not take advantage of savings opportunities provided to them at their workplace, nor do they always make wise investment decisions regarding employer plans. Various automated strategies have been implemented by employers with the objective of increasing retirement plan participation and, hence, the financial security of workers. Automatic strategies work by proactively arranging some type of action (e.g., plan enrollment) to occur unless people specifically opt out. This article examines and synthesizes previous empirical research about five automatic savings and investing strategies: (a) automatic retirement savings plan enrollment, (b) automatic contribution increases, (c) automatic portfolio rebalancing, (d) automatic rollovers, and (e) automatic investment plans. Advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are discussed, along with implications for financial educators.