多维环境规制下的组织目标及组织形态演变——基于中国长江三峡集团公司的案例研究

环境力量如何渗透到组织内部影响组织形态是组织理论研究的一个基本话题。本文通过案例方法,以处于战略转型中的中国长江三峡集团公司为研究对象,分析、总结其从工程建设阶段到运营管理阶段所处环境的变化、组织目标以及组织形态的演变。研究发现,组织目标作为组织边界上链接环境与组织的机制,是整合组织内外部力量和要求并赋予组织主体性的关键要素;在追求目标实现的过程中,结构安排与文化控制塑造了组织形态。环境影响组织的力量并非是单一纯粹的,而是社会性、经济性和技术性力量的混合甚至是变异;同时,环境力量是在与组织内部动机、需求的共同作用下影响组织目标的。对此过程的深层剖析发现,环境变化引致组织任务继而组织权力格局的变化,而把握权力的群体因为对组织产出和结果的控制而控制了组织目标。     

Statistics of Primes (and Probably Twin Primes) Satisfy Taylor's Law from Ecology

Taylor's law, which originated in ecology, states that, in sets of measurements of population density, the sample variance is approximately proportional to a power of the sample mean. Taylor's law has been verified for many species ranging from bacterial to human. Here, we show that the variance V(x) and the mean M(x) of the primes not exceeding a real number x obey Taylor's law asymptotically for large x. Specifically, V(x) ～ (1/3)(M(x))² as x → ∞. This apparently new fact about primes shows that Taylor's law may arise in the absence of biological processes, and that patterns discovered in biological data can suggest novel questions in number theory. If the Hardy-Littlewood twin primes conjecture is true, then the identical Taylor's law holds also for twin primes. Taylor's law holds in both instances because the primes (and the twin primes, given the conjecture) not exceeding x are asymptotically uniformly distributed on the integers in [2, x]. Hence, asymptotically M(x) ～ x/2, V(x) ～ x²/12. Higher-order moments of the primes (twin primes) not exceeding x satisfy a generalized Taylor's law. The 11,078,937 primes and 813,371 twin primes not exceeding 2 × 10⁸ illustrate these results.     

Examining power struggles as a signifier of successful partnership working: A case study of partnership dynamics

In Britain, and Wales particularly, inclusion and equal opportunities for all became key principles guiding the work of the many partnerships that were established at the beginning of this century. A primary objective of this paper is to develop a greater understanding of the politics and processes within ‘partnership’ as a widely used governance instrument. We argue that rather than dismissing partnerships for their exclusionary mechanisms, they might be considered as distinctive ‘arenas of power’ where the emphasis on participation and consensus shapes power relations in particular ways. What we demonstrate, using a differentiated topology of power [Allen, J., 2003. Lost Geographies of Power. Blackwell Publishing], is the effect that different modes of power, at different times, can have on social interaction and the process of partnership working. Although inequality in terms of resources existed in our study, we show that effective partnership working was enhanced at times when more reciprocal modes of power were used. We conclude, therefore, that an analysis of power based on resources alone is limited because the use and effect of resources may be “modified, displaced or disrupted depending upon the relationships that come into play” [Allen, J., 2003. Lost Geographies of Power. Blackwell Publishing, p. 97]. Hence, there is a need for more research on power struggles and conflicts in partnerships over time. Only then it is possible to see how and when differences in resources affect social interaction and result in different levels of (in)equality. A partnership cannot be seen simply as an indirect instrument of a dominant government actor to control organisations and individuals.     

探索旅游强国的内涵 创建旅游实力指数

存在于旅游强国研究中无法回避的问题集中表现在对旅游强国认识的模糊性和难以自圆其说的研究方法与研究体系。本文通过对旅游强国的深入剖析,试图从旅游主体角度解读旅游强国的内涵,并由此得出旅游强国的非全方位强势性和衡量旅游强国指标体系的非完备性这两个基本结论。在提出旅游主体基本假设的基础上,推导出标定旅游强国的旅游实力公式,并将其应用在我国旅游各省的旅游实力比较和旅游实力排序之中。     

入世与重庆汽车工业

论述了重庆汽车工业的现状 ,通过建立竞争力评价指标体系 ,应用层次分析法定量分析了重庆汽车工业的竞争力状况 ,提出了运用“电子商务”等来提高竞争力的一些对策。     

Using historical data for Bayesian sample size determination

Summary.  We consider the sample size determination (SSD) problem, which is a basic yet extremely important aspect of experimental design. Specifically, we deal with the Bayesian approach to SSD, which gives researchers the possibility of taking into account pre-experimental information and uncertainty on unknown parameters. At the design stage, this fact offers the advantage of removing or mitigating typical drawbacks of classical methods, which might lead to serious miscalculation of the sample size. In this context, the leading idea is to choose the minimal sample size that guarantees a probabilistic control on the performance of quantities that are derived from the posterior distribution and used for inference on parameters of interest. We are concerned with the use of historical data—i.e. observations from previous similar studies—for SSD. We illustrate how the class of power priors can be fruitfully employed to deal with lack of homogeneity between historical data and observations of the upcoming experiment. This problem, in fact, determines the necessity of discounting prior information and of evaluating the effect of heterogeneity on the optimal sample size. Some of the most popular Bayesian SSD methods are reviewed and their use, in concert with power priors, is illustrated in several medical experimental contexts.     

卡塔尔国家形象的构塑

作为地处海湾的阿拉伯小国，卡塔尔在构建国家形象、提升软实力方面走在所有阿拉伯国家的前列，得到了国际社会的广泛认可。这既基于卡塔尔对构建国家形象重要性的深刻认识，也源于西方国家的压力和内部改革的需要，体现了该国领导人的政治智慧和战略眼光。     

《红线协定》与中东石油政治格局的变迁

《红线协定》的签订打破了一战前后英法等国对中东石油的殖民控制,预示着全球石油权力嬗变的开始,而《红线协定》的最终解体又确立了美国石油公司在中东的支配地位,标志着美国取代英国中东霸权地位的开始。     

人民主权：从抽象的到具体的——卢梭与贡斯当思想之比较

贡斯当与卢梭关于人民主权学说的相似点在于都把"自由"作为其逻辑起点和归宿,他们人民主权学说的不同点在于"人民主权是有限的还是无限的"、"人民主权是否可以分割"、"人民主权的实现形式是间接民主还是直接民主"这三个方面。贡斯当通过对卢梭人民主权学说的批判,把"抽象的人民主权学说"演化成"具体的人民主权学说"。抽象的人民主权必须落实为具体的制度安排,否则其极有可能成为"暴政"的口实。     

权势和同等中的语言分析

权势（power）和同等（solidarity）这两个概念是用来表述言语交际中双方不平等的人际关系。文章认为，权势和同等语使用中的表敬和示近都是礼貌行为，并主要从称呼语、动词结构和其它言语层面对话语中的权势量和同等量进行分析。分析指出，交际得以顺利进行是因为双方找到了各自心理阈值的结合点，而且这个结合点不是静止的，它随着交际双方地位的变化而变化，这种变化也反映出言语交际是一种动态的语用过程。