Against all odds? Exploring the role of game outcome uncertainty in season ticket holders’ stadium attendance demand

In this study we investigate the important but rather ambiguous role of game outcome uncertainty (GOU) in consumers’ demand for professional sports. Specifically, using a unique and strongly balanced panel data set containing information on individual physical attendance from 13,892 season ticket holders (STHs) of a German professional football club, we find evidence for a positive effect of GOU on two differing spectator decisions – both the decision to physically attend a game in the stadium and the decision on what time to enter the stadium, an aspect which has so far been neglected in the literature. Moreover, GOU seems to play an especially important role in the decision-making of one particular group: STHs with comparatively high coordination costs.     

妇女平等就业权利面临的困境及化解途径

主张妇女应放弃平等的就业权利的观点是不可取的;主张妇女应拥有与男子在结果上平等的就业权利的观点符合社会公正的要求,但在市场经济条件下缺少有效的实现机制;主张妇女应拥有与男子在机会上平等的就业权利的观点符合市场经济的操作规程,但由于妇女劳动力存在性别成本等方面的原因,它必然会导致男女就业在结果上的不平等,有违社会公正.只有通过努力扩大社会经济规模,提高妇女的劳动素质,开发适合妇女就业的岗位,积极鼓励妇女自主创业,消除雇主的性别歧视,建立性别成本的社会分摊制度等途径,才能在坚持机会均等的原则条件下,最大限度地实现男女就业在结果上平等的目标.     

初次分配公平满意度研究;基于起点公平、过程公平、结果公平的微观证据

基于3 109份问卷的调查数据，对起点公平、过程公平、结果公平与初次分配公平满意度之间的关系的实证研究表明：(1)起点公平对初次分配公平满意度有显著的影响。外在因素对个人收入的重要性、受到过歧视对初次分配公平满意度有显著的负向影响；居民对基础教育、就业、公共医疗卫生公平的认可程度越高，其初次分配公平满意度也越高。(2)过程公平对初次分配公平满意度有显著的影响。受到过不公正对待对初次分配公平满意度有显著的负向影响；居民对腐败现象可容忍程度越高、参政议政能力越强，对市场竞争环境、工资集体协商制度、公职人员廉洁满意度越高，其初次分配公平满意度也越高。(3)结果公平对初次分配公平满意度有显著的影响。居民对收入与付出相比满意度越高、绝对收入与相对收入水平越高、对物价上涨的可承受能力越高、对同工不同酬的认可程度越高，则其初次分配公平满意度也越高。研究结果还表明，居民的健康状况越好、工作经验越丰富，其初次分配公平满意度也越高。     

The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: a prospective follow-up of recent quitters

A naturalistic sample of pathological gamblers (N = 101) who recently quit gambling was followed prospectively for a year (follow-up rate 80%). Lifetime mood disorders were identified in 61% of participants and 73% and 48% had lifetime alcohol use and drug use disorders, respectively. Current prevalence rates, however, were much lower. Current mood disorders were found for 20% and 7% had a current alcohol disorder and 7% a current drug use disorder. Age of onset for substance use disorders was earlier than gambling disorders but mood disorders were equally likely to predate or follow gambling disorders. Lifetime mood disorder was associated with a longer time to achieve 3 months of stable abstinence. Participants who were currently in treatment or attending Gamblers Anonymous and the small number of participants with current alcohol disorders were also more likely to achieve abstinence earlier. The results underscore the importance of increasing our understanding of the role of comorbid disorders in the recovery process from gambling problems.     

Decision‐making in early clinical drug development

This paper illustrates an approach to setting the decision framework for a study in early clinical drug development. It shows how the criteria for a go and a stop decision are calculated based on pre‐specified target and lower reference values. The framework can lead to a three‐outcome approach by including a consider zone; this could enable smaller studies to be performed in early development, with other information either external to or within the study used to reach a go or stop decision. In this way, Phase I/II trials can be geared towards providing actionable decision‐making rather than the traditional focus on statistical significance. The example provided illustrates how the decision criteria were calculated for a Phase II study, including an interim analysis, and how the operating characteristics were assessed to ensure the decision criteria were robust. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

焦虑症患者治疗前后感觉门控电位P50动态观察

目的探讨焦虑症患者的感觉门控电位P50变异的意义。方法应用美国B ravo脑电生理仪,采用条件刺激(S1)—测试刺激(S2)模式对36例焦虑症患者作了P50检测。患者组于治疗10周时进行P50检测。结果焦虑症P50抑制明显减弱;S2-P50波幅正常人(2.2±0.9)μV,患者组(2.8±1.8)μV,P<0.05。患者组在治疗后的10周随访时的P50主要指标差异也无显著性(P>0.05)。结论P50变异也是焦虑症的特性,值得进一步随访。     

Sexuality,Boundaries, Professional Ethics,and Clinical Practice

Abstract

Gay male therapists often practice in milieus where it is virtually impossible not to have contacts with clients outside of the therapy room. The necessity of maintaining appropriate boundaries can be strained when client-therapist contacts occur in situations that are overtly or even potentially sexual. This Practice Note addresses professional challenges and various approaches to these situations while maintaining necessary therapeutic appropriateness.     

Non-parametric inference for the effect of a treatment on survival times with application in the health and social sciences

In this paper we perform inference on the effect of a treatment on survival times in studies where the treatment assignment is not randomized and the assignment time is not known in advance. Two such studies are discussed: a heart transplant program and a study of Swedish unemployed eligible for employment subsidy. We estimate survival functions on a treated and a control group which are made comparable through matching on observed covariates. The inference is performed by conditioning on waiting time to treatment, that is, time between the entrance in the study and treatment. This can be done only when sufficient data are available. In other cases, averaging over waiting times is a possibility, although the classical interpretation of the estimated survival functions is lost unless hazards are not functions of waiting time. To show unbiasedness and to obtain an estimator of the variance, we build on the potential outcome framework, which was introduced by J. Neyman in the context of randomized experiments, and adapted to observational studies by D.B. Rubin. Our approach does not make parametric or distributional assumptions. In particular, we do not assume proportionality of the hazards compared. Small sample performance of the estimator and a derived test of no treatment effect are studied in a Monte Carlo study.