What accounts for China''s trade balance dynamics?

This paper proposes a structural VAR model which extends the frameworks of Hoffmaister and Roldós [Hoffmaister, A. W., & Roldós, J. E. (2001). The sources of macroeconomic fluctuations in developing countries: Brazil and Korea. Journal of Macroeconomics, 23, 213–239] and Prasad [Prasad, E. S. (1999). International trade and the business cycle. Economic Journal, 109, 588–606]. The model is then used to analyse the sources of China's trade balance fluctuations in the period of 1985–2000. Efforts are made to distinguish the forces which underlie the long-run trend in trade balance from those with transitory impacts. The effects of four types of shock are examined—the foreign supply shock, the domestic supply shock, the relative demand shock and the nominal shock. Among other findings, two emerge as important. First, the movements in China's trade balance are largely the result of real shocks. Second, the Renminbi is undervalued, yet changes in the exchange rate bear little on the trade balance. Therefore, monetary measures would not suffice to redress China's trade ‘imbalance’.     

Capital mobility among advanced countries

Mobility of capital has been studied by examining savings–investment correlations, real interest rates differentials, covered and uncovered interest parity, and equity home bias. All these examine the capital mobility question indirectly. This paper directly tests the return/total flow specification of the Mundell–Fleming model. It finds that while portfolio equity and debt flows are, direct investment is not; and in every case, the inclusion of direct investment makes the aggregative-capital variable unresponsive to interest rates. Asset-based exchange rate models may benefit by looking at the composition of cross-border assets, countries can have independent monetary policies with full capital mobility, and macroeconomic policy trilemma for open economies disappears.     

Using Real‐Time Decision Tools to Improve Distributed Decision‐Making Capabilities in High‐Magnitude Crisis Situations*

Multi‐organizational collaborative decision making in high‐magnitude crisis situations requires real‐time information sharing and dynamic modeling for effective response. Information technology (IT) based decision support tools can play a key role in facilitating such effective response. We explore one promising class of decision support tools based on machine learning, known as support vector machines (SVM), which have the capability to dynamically model and analyze decision processes. To examine this capability, we use a case study with a design science approach to evaluate improved decision‐making effectiveness of an SVM algorithm in an agent‐based simulation experimental environment. Testing and evaluation of real‐time decision support tools in simulated environments provides an opportunity to assess their value under various dynamic conditions. Decision making in high‐magnitude crisis situations involves multiple different patterns of behavior, requiring the development, application, and evaluation of different models. Therefore, we employ a multistage linear support vector machine (MLSVM) algorithm that permits partitioning decision maker response into behavioral subsets, which can then individually model and examine their diverse patterns of response behavior. The results of our case study indicate that our MLSVM is clearly superior to both single stage SVMs and traditional approaches such as linear and quadratic discriminant analysis for understanding and predicting behavior. We conclude that machine learning algorithms show promise for quickly assessing response strategy behavior and for providing the capability to share information with decision makers in multi‐organizational collaborative environments, thus supporting more effective decision making in such contexts.     

房地产资本税对房地产业及国民经济影响的实证研究

 本文构建了房地产资本税的可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,考察了房地产资本税政策对房地产业及国民经济的影响。结论表明,房地产资本税率的提高可以拉动房地产业的发展,而房地产资本税率降低则有利于房地产业的内部结构优化。增加房地产资本税收能够促进与房地产业后向关联较大的原材料工业和金融业、前向关联较大的生产者服务业和消费者服务业的产出增长。房地产资本税率增加还会使得物价上升、政府和居民的收入增长,但税率上升导致要素相对价格的变化使得对资本要素的需求减少。此外,房地产资本税能够减缓房价变动对经济的冲击,并且具有典型的“内在稳定器”作用。     

情境教学法及英语课堂实施

“情境教学法”要求教师尊重语言教学规律,提倡以学生为主体的教学观念并要求教师为学生创设恰当、真实的语言情境以促使学生正确、流利、自如地运用语言。     

良莠不齐反驳

新弗雷格主义是当前较为活跃的数学哲学思潮之一,其主要代表人物莱特和黑尔认为通过二阶逻辑和抽象原则可以在某种意义上证成弗雷格的逻辑主义。但许多学者对抽象原则的合理性提出质疑,其中引起激烈争论的就是良莠不齐反驳。在简要回顾新弗雷格主义和抽象原则的背景基础上,总结良莠不齐反驳的三个重要方面:不一致的抽象原则,例如公理V和序数原则;两两不一致但自身一致的抽象原则,例如奇偶原则和麻烦原则;两两不一致但自身保守的抽象原则,例如分身原则;相应地,莱特和威尔给出了一系列可接受的抽象原则的标准:一致性、保守性、无界性、第二保守性、朴实性、稳定性、平和性等等。