Physiologically Based Liver Modeling and Risk Assessment

Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, there is often a choice between a number of apparently equally applicable physiologically based models to describe uptake and metabolism processes in toxicology or risk assessment. These models may fit the particular data sets of interest equally well, but may give quite different parameter estimates or predictions under different (extrapolated) conditions. Such competing models can be discriminated by a number of methods, including potential refutation by means of strategic experiments, and their ability to suitably incorporate all relevant physiological processes. For illustration, three currently used models for steady-state hepatic elimination--the venous equilibration model, the parallel tube model, and the distributed sinusoidal perfusion model--are reviewed and compared with particular reference to their application in the area of risk assessment. The ability of each of the models to describe and incorporate such physiological processes as protein binding, precursor-metabolite relations and hepatic zones of elimination, capillary recruitment, capillary heterogeneity, and intrahepatic shunting is discussed. Differences between the models in hepatic parameter estimation, extrapolation to different conditions, and interspecies scaling are discussed, and criteria for choosing one model over the others are presented. In this case, the distributed model provides the most general framework for describing physiological processes taking place in the liver, and has so far not been experimentally refuted, as have the other two models. These simpler models may, however, provide useful bounds on parameter estimates and on extrapolations and risk assessments.     

企业现行分配制度的问题及改革

文章指出了企业现行分配制度存在的问题,阐述了岗效工资的运行机制,提出了岗效工资是企业分配制度改革的方向。     

企业进行农民工管理探索

农民工是我国改革开放后经济社会发展过程中出现的一个特殊社会群体,他们正在成为我国产业工人的主体,越来越多地参与到城市的经济活动和企业的经营管理中来。农民工管理是我国企业应当承担的社会责任,把握农民工的群体特点和需求特征,是企业探索农民工管理的关键。加强薪酬管理、改善工作生活环境和进行职业生涯规划是企业当前进行农民工管理最重要和最紧迫的任务。     

A regression-based smoothing spline Monte Carlo algorithm for pricing American options in discrete time

American options in discrete time can be priced by solving optimal stopping problems. This can be done by computing so-called continuation values, which we represent as regression functions defined recursively by using the continuation values of the next time step. We use Monte Carlo to generate data, and then we apply smoothing spline regression estimates to estimate the continuation values from these data. All parameters of the estimate are chosen data dependent. We present results concerning consistency and the estimates’ rate of convergence.     

从部门本位回归到基本理性——对检察机关职权配置的思考

目前,我国法学界对检察机关职权配置问题存在着激烈的争论。争论的主要问题有三个。其中,检察机关是否有侦查权是个伪问题,其本质是检察机关行使侦查权时由谁来监督;检察官不是“中立及超然”的司法人员,不应当有对强制措施的批准权;检察官不应当以居高临下的“法律监督者”的身份监督审判程序,而是应当通过程序动议权和上诉权监督审判程序。目前主张维持检察机关职权现状的学者,有严重的部门本位主义,检察权改革应当摒弃部门本位主义。     

入世对中国传统文化的冲击与对策

如今中国加入世贸组织 ,中外文化在一种更加复杂和多元化的时代更深入地“亲密接触”已是有目共睹的事实 ,不同文化之间的相互影响、渗透甚至融合十分必要。因此 ,入世后中国传统文化究竟如何实现面向世界、面向未来、面向现代化的转变是我们急待解决的问题。解决这个问题的最佳解决方案是既应中西融会 ,但更要立足本土。     

网络环境下的研究性学习

利用网络开展研究性学习具有很大的优势,探讨网络研究性学习能力的培养、组织与实施,以及网络研究性学习的评价对提高学生的综合素质有重要作用。     

基于成本方法的中国人力资本估算

针对目前部分学者应用永续盘存法来估算人力资本存量忽略了折旧和价格的问题，采集和并估算了中国1952-2003年间的人力资本形成量序列数据，并与物质资本形成流量进行比较。估算方法倾向于低估人力资本投资流量，这种低估在前期误差较小，在近期误差较大，且有上升趋势。但就纳入估算的内容和时期来看，较中国已有的成本法估算有较大的扩展，而且其估计有一定的可靠性，可以将此作为今后进一步估算的基准。     

An alternative to model selection in ordinary regression

The weaknesses of established model selection procedures based on hypothesis testing and similar criteria are discussed and an alternative based on synthetic (composite) estimation is proposed. It is developed for the problem of prediction in ordinary regression and its properties are explored by simulations for the simple regression. Extensions to a general setting are described and an example with multiple regression is analysed. Arguments are presented against using a selected model for any inferences.     

论保障措施的实施要件

中国按照WTO协议要求公布的《保障措施条例》与WTO的《保障措施协议》比较而言 ,该条例在保障措施实施要件的规定上与协议基本一致 ,但由于协议自身对实施要件的规定有待进一步具体化 ,因此 ,仅仅在立法层面与协议保持一致是不够的 ,有必要结合WTO的有关案例对保障措施的实施要件做深入研究 ,使中国对于这项法律制度能够充分认识、正确运用 ,从而达到在国际贸易中维护自身权益的目的