To be or not to be: Control and balancing of type I and type II errors

The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Unfortunately, other things equal, Types I and II errors are inversely related. Six methods of minimizing Type I error in studies are presented, each of which may be employed even after data are collected. Type II errors may also be minimized by a combination of study design and analytic means. Although some of these techniques must be built into the study others can be undertaken when beginning work on a data set. Only one of these techniques will increase Type I error, and those involving data reduction may decrease both types of error.     

《简·爱》女主人公的“三部人格”解析

文章从弗洛伊德的"三部人格结构"学说的视角解析了<简·爱>中两个配角"疯女人"、圣约翰和女主人公简·爱的内在关联.提出了本我、自我和超我即"疯女人"、简·爱和上帝(圣约翰)的观点.指出了他们之间的单循环关系本我满足自我--自我求助于超我--超我监督自我去管制本我.     

Evaluating a management and organization development effort in mental health agencies.

Although the use of management and organization development techniques in health and human service settings is increasing, there are few systematic studies of their effects. Those which do exist are problematic in many respects. An 18-month program incorporating both management and organization development is described along with the results of its evaluation, which were positive and well-utilized. A discussion of the methods employed, the problems encountered, and the outcomes obtained illustrates that these evaluation efforts are needed and can be useful to program evaluators involved in planned-change efforts.     

Alcohol abuse on a college campus: A needs assessment

This paper reports the results of a needs assessment study conducted by a university-based alcohol abuse prevention project. Data are presented on the drinking patterns and drinking problems of a random sample of 462 students. Results suggest that students are experiencing numerous difficulties in the physical, educational, legal and psychosocial areas due to their use of alcoholic beverages. Implications for prevention and intervention programming are discussed and the need for planning programs from a data-based perspective rather than a rational and intuitive approach is stressed.     

Putting schools as socio/economic institutions back into educational evaluation: A response to Kean and McNamara

A number of individuals have proposed the gradual refinement of existing programs, rather than their continual closing down, as a safeguard against educational fads and political pressures. The gradual refinement thesis is extended, refined, and criticized in this article. A different unit of analysis is proposed, one which takes into account the role of educational institutions in assisting in the reproduction of both cultural and economic inequality. It is argued that decisions about the gradual refinement of programs and institutions are not only technical but ideological and politico/economic in nature. Criteria for deciding on gradual refinement, based on a strategy of nonreformist reforms, are suggested.     

Leverage and evaluation effectiveness

Weaknesses in evaluations often can be traced to structural limitations in the positions of evaluation researchers. Conventional human relations techniques often are an insufficient basis for securing strong support for evaluation research. Strategies for increasing evaluation research leverage are reviewed. Alignment of evaluation research with regulatory bodies with authority to suspend public program expenditures is advocated. Several likely obstacles in the development of the regulatory evaluation model are anticipated and addressed.     

Macau’s Heterotopias: Ruins of St. Paul’s as a Spatial and Temporal Disruption

This article explores and decodes the social experiences of the ruins of St. Paul’s in Macau. The depictions of St. Paul’s as a disruptive social space are elucidated by the concepts of heterotopia, palimpsest and liminality. As a palimpsest, Macau’s ruins comprise a variety of concealed and superimposed semantic layers. One can read the ruins and decipher these semantic tiers. The reading of buildings as palimpsests recognises the paradoxical combination of their durable and transitory nature. St. Paul’s ruins encompass several stratified discourses such as cultural, historical, aesthetic. All of them are deciphered in their multivalent configurations, revealing their overarching heterotopic quality. This article aims to display St. Paul’s ruins as a culturally meaningful urban space of otherness within the ambivalent spatial realm of Macau while unfolding its disruptive nature.     

"东方的哈佛"——圣约翰大学简论

圣约翰大学是美国圣公会在上海创办的一所大学,曾经寄托着万千学子的憧憬和梦想,享有"东方的哈佛"之美誉,无论在上海城市史上还是中国近代教育史上都占有突出的地位.本文简要论述了圣约翰73年曲折的办学历程,归纳分析了圣约翰大学的特色和传统,最后将圣约翰大学成功的奥秘归结为四个一,即一个睿智的校长,一群出色的教师,一套严密的管理体制和一座现代化的大都市.     

忏悔作为自传——论奥古斯丁《忏悔录》的自传特征

从奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》起,“忏悔”日益成为西方自传的一个重要主题。《忏悔录》以“忏悔”构建全篇,体现了强烈的基督教观念。奥古斯丁对自己内心的详尽的体察标志着西方人自我认识的发展;对个人隐秘行为和隐秘思想的揭示,使追求自我的真相,展露自己生活的私密成为西方忏悔意识较强的自传的重要内涵。在自传形式上,奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》蕴含了西方的历史自传和哲学自传的萌芽,对后世宗教自传和世俗自传都产生了深刻的影响。