Household Headship Among Married Women: The Roles of Economic Power, Education, and Convention

Household headship historically has been equated with being the main economic provider of the household, a position usually occupied by men. This paper uses a change in the United States Census definition of household headship to examine whether headship for married women is associated with being the primary breadwinner in a marriage versus other non-economic explanations. According to microdata from the 1990 United States Census, women who are the main income providers in a marriage are much more likely to be household heads than women in co-provider marriages. There also is support for an egalitarian ideology explanation; that is, when both spouses are highly educated, the wife is more likely than the husband to be household head net of her relative economic independence in that marriage. Yet the force of convention remains strong given the low prevalence of headship among married women. The new census definition was meant partly to reflect the changing economic status of women. However, the reality is that conventional gender behaviors persist in household headship.     

Labour Market Policy in the United States, Canada and Sweden: Addressing the Issue of Convergence

'Convergence theorists' suggest that domestic and/or global challenges and pressures are rendering welfare states broadly similar across national boundaries. 'Resilience theorists', in contrast, argue that a range of socio-political factors have allowed states to respond differentially to these pressures and maintain their distinct national social policy approaches. However, both research streams have addressed the 'welfare state' writ large in a multitude of nations and typically relied upon narrow, quantitative budgetary indicators. This study examines qualitative changes to key income security and social service programmes in one central social policy domain – labour market policy – in three nations, the United States, Canada and Sweden. It suggests that there is evidence of some degree of 'convergence' in the broadest sense of the term across these three nations. However, while both the USA and Canada have readily embraced genuinely neo-liberal restructuring, and become increasingly similar over the past two decades in this policy area, Sweden has managed to retain its distinctive social policy approach so far, despite notable changes, developments and trends. It also suggests that the character and direction of change may vary across and within policy domains in a single nation. The conclusion provides a discussion of universality, equality and solidarity, concepts that are commonly employed in accounts of welfare state change.     

战国时期商人活动的地域性考察

中国古代商人自身历史的发展因时间向度的演进而具有时代性。该文从空间上分析,认为战国时期由于列国民风、自然地理和交通条件、重商传统、国势变化的不同,造成了商人分布的地域差异。     

The changing importance of white women's economic prospects for assortative mating

Given recent changes in the labor force participation and economic standing of women, we ask whether a woman's position in the labor market has become a more important determinant of her position in the marriage market. Unlike much prior research on trends over time in assortative mating, we take an individual‐level approach to the analysis and rely on improved measures of labor market position, such as measuring wives' wages before marriage and considering multiple indicators of husbands' longer term economic standing. Our analysis relies on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (N = 759) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 767). Our results are consistent with growth over time in the importance of women's earnings potential in determining their marriage prospects.     

Ideas, private institutions and American welfare state 'exceptionalism': the case of health and old-age insurance, 1915–1965

Traditional theories of welfare state development divide into two camps: societal accounts and institutional accounts. The aim of the present article is to amend and enrich the institutional approach to US social policy by reconsidering key aspects of the genesis of the American welfare state: 1) showing that concepts such as 'policy feedback' and 'path dependence' need to be extended to encompass the effect of private social policies; and 2) taking policy paradigms and agenda setting more seriously than is the norm in institutional scholarship. The empirical analysis is divided into two parts. The first part explores the activities of the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) in the decade beginning in 1910 and the genesis of Social Security in the 1930s, while the second part examines the effect of the private benefit developments on policy choices between 1935 and 1965.     

西藏商务代表团的美国之行与美国对西藏政策的转变

解放战争时期的1947-1948年间,西藏当局派出以孜本·夏格巴为首的西藏商务代表团,赴印度和美国、英国等国游说西藏独立,但是无功而返。围绕对于该代表团的接待问题,南京国民政府与美国政府就西藏的地位问题发生争执。美国政府最后尊重了中方的立场,承认西藏是中国领土的一部分。整个事件的处理过程表明,在冷战的大背景下,当南京政府在全中国的统治行将覆灭之际,美国政府对于西藏的政策开始发生转变。     

英国马克思主义研究的新趋势

汪行福通过对英国马克思主义发展趋势的观察表明,在当代一切重大问题上,马克思主义从未缺场,它仍然是我们这个时代确立进步和解放坐标的思想基础。王金林认为,近期美国马克思主义研究呈现出一个值得关注的新动向:一方面,一些理论家坚持把阶级分析方法贯彻到各自的研究领域当中,从而彰显出马克思主义阶级立场对于把握当代社会现实的重要性;另一方面,一些理论家则从新社会运动与激进理论语境出发解构阶级立场,从而试图在一种新的基础上重构马克思主义的批判性。王凤才认为,德国马克思主义研究呈现出四个特点:一是以马克思主义的"反思.批判.创新"为主题;二是跨学科、多层面、整体地研究马克思主义;三是以广义理解的马克思主义为标尺强烈关注现实问题;四是缺乏系统的马克思主义理论和统一的马克思主义观念。吴猛认为,法国马克思主义的研究主要在五个方面涌现出了一批值得注意的研究成果,即在文本的重新解读中探求马克思主义的当代意义、异化理论及其现实意义、新自由主义批判、马克思主义与当代资本主义现实、当代资本主义的前途与共产主义。     

美国对台湾问题的政策与美国全球安全战略

我国政府已将完成祖国统一大业确定为21世纪必须抓好的三大任务之一,而美国对台湾问题的干涉是我们完成祖国统一大业的最大障碍.研究美国未来介入台湾问题可能的深度和美国对台湾问题的政策走向,对于我们在完成祖国统一大业过程中确定科学的斗争策略具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

战国授田制研究综述

土地制度是战国史研究的重点和难点 ,它直接关系到对其时政治制度和经济制度的认识程度 ,因而前辈学者对其用力颇多 ,并有一些研究成果面世 ,其中有代表性的一种看法是公有制的瓦解和私有制的确立。上个世纪 70年代末 ,刘泽华先生以文献记载和考古材料为依据 ,对这一传统观点提出了挑战 ,首倡“战国授田制”说 ,这一观点提出后 ,很快得到学者同仁的广泛回应 ,他们纷纷撰文表达看法 ,使这一学说得以进一步充实、完善     

美国新霸权主义的特征及性质

美国新霸权主义的特征表现在四个方面 :全球性的霸权、制度化的霸权、同质化的霸权体系、干预的合法化。美国新霸权主义实质是美国垄断资本向全球扩张的一种表现形态