高等教育评价结果：困境、反思与改进

教育评价结果是评价活动和实践改进的桥梁,只有完善评价结果应用,才能形成教育质量闭环的提升过程,凸显评价的发展价值。但在具体实施过程中评价结果要么不被重视,要么呈现为竞争性、等级性等不利于评价持久发展的现实样态,尚未充分发挥以评估结果落实"强硬度""长牙齿"、推进教育治理效能提升的目标。当前学界在谈及评价时通常会涉及评价结果相关问题,但缺少专门研究。实践和理论的双重不足为开展评价结果研究提供了空间。2020年10月,中国第一个关于教育评价系统性改革的文件——《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》(以下简称《方案》)提出扭转不科学的教育评价导向,改进结果评价,在对当前流行的结果评价的负面影响认识基础上进行反思,改革阻碍高质量教育发展的"五唯"倾向,促进"双一流"大学建设,进而以评价赋能育人。该文件的出台既体现了国家对教育评价问题的重视,也突显了解决评价中所出现问题的紧迫性。基于此,以"改进结果评价,强化结果使用"为价值追求,从评价结果的呈现形式、反馈方式及相关主体的秉持态度、解读路径和运用取向等方面全方位谛视高等教育评价结果。发现当前教育结果评价普遍存在"五轻五重"现象,即呈现形式上重量化轻质性、反馈方式上重告知轻协商、对结果的态度重接受轻质疑、对结果的解读重实体轻关系、对结果的运用重功利轻价值。发现问题是为了解决问题,而解决问题的前提条件是能追溯造成问题的根源,只有如此,才能做到有的放矢。遵循"理念—制度—操作"的思维逻辑,深入系统地反思问题产生的根源,发现其既有教育评价理念的偏差,也有评价制度的不科学,还有评价结果运用的复杂性。完善结果评价运用,落实《方案》的评价理念,实现"破五唯"的价值追求,是研究的归属和落脚点。鉴于评价落地的关键在于人,而人的任何行动都离不开制度的支持,所以,选取"人—制度"的分析框架,提出详实可行的意见,为发挥评价的发展性功能,建立健全立德树人机制提供参考,推进十九届六中全会提到的推动人的全面发展、建设社会主义现代化强国。具体包括提高行政人员的评价能力、增强实施人员的专业性、调动落实人员的积极性;健全评价过程的监督机制、优化评价结果的使用机制、建立评价改进的追踪机制等建议。     

Integrating Knowledge through Information Trading: Examining the Relationship between Boundary Spanning Communication and Individual Performance*

With the global penetration of Internet technologies, individuals may now cross organizational boundaries to communicate efficiently with others regardless of time and space. Thus, when looking for help in solving work tasks, knowledge workers may just as easily contact individuals in rival firms across the globe as a coworker sitting at the next desk. As a result, management faces questions such as (1) How should firms manage employees' knowledge‐sourcing activities when they span both intra‐organizational and extra‐organizational boundaries, and (2) What is the relationship between different knowledge‐sourcing activities and individual performance? Grounded in the knowledge‐based view of the firm, we investigate these questions using data from Europe's largest information technology (IT) services and management consulting company. Our results provide evidence that organizations should support boundary spanning and knowledge sourcing from both internal and external sources. Results suggest (1) a positive relationship between boundary spanning communication and creativity and general performance, and (2) a negative relationship between a reliance on colocated coworkers as knowledge sources and creativity.     

结构式团体在临床护士心理压力调解中的应用

目的探讨应用结构式团体在临床护士心理压力调解中的改善效果。方法选择临床护士60例,均为2020年06月~2020年12月间我院在册在岗内科病区护士,依据护士入科先后顺序采取分组,即前期入科护理人员30例采取自我调节方式应用心理压力,观察组为后期入科护理人员30例,采取结构式团体干预模式进行心理压力调节,对比护士不同调节方式下,情绪分值变化及对自我职业的倦怠评分、心理健康状态评分,并采取科室设计的满意度问卷展开评估。结果由自评量表结果所示,观察组护理人员在干预前焦虑、抑郁分值均无明显变化(P>0.05),干预后观察组护理人员焦虑、抑郁分值有所下降,与对照组呈鲜明对比(P<0.05)。职业倦怠量表测评结果所示,观察组护理人员情绪衰竭、工作态度、个人成就感三个维度的分值均低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05)。由科室自我设计满意度问卷所示,观察组对自我工作满意度较高,与对照组比值差异明显(P<0.05)。两组在SCL-90量表测评下,观察组护理人员各项指标得分低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论结构式团体在临床护士心理压力的调解中的应用效果值得肯定,可改善职业倦怠感,提高工作效率。     

A Resource‐Based View of Strategic IT Alignment: How Knowledge Sharing Creates Competitive Advantage

A critical decision problem for top management, and the focus of this study, is whether the CEO (chief executive officer) and CIO (chief information officer) should commit their time to formal planning with the expectation of producing an information technology (IT)‐based competitive advantage. Using the perspective of the resource‐based view, a model is presented that examines how strategic IT alignment can produce enhanced organizational strategies that yield competitive advantage. One hundred sixty‐one CIOs provided data using a postal survey. Results supported seven of the eight hypotheses. They showed that information intensity is an important antecedent to strategic IT alignment, that strategic IT alignment is best explained by multiple constructs which operationalize both process and content measures, and that alignment between the IT plan and the business plan is significantly related to the use of IT for competitive advantage. Study results raise questions about the effect of CEO participation, which appears to be the weak link in the process, and also about the perception of the CIO on the importance of CEO involvement. The paper contributes to our understanding of how knowledge sharing in the alignment process contributes to the creation of superior organizational strategies, provides a framework of the alignment‐performance relationship, and furnishes several new constructs.     

Multiple Conceptualizations of Small Business Web Use and Benefit*

Small businesses play an important role in the U.S. economy and there is anecdotal evidence that use of the Web is beneficial to such businesses. There is, however, little systematic analysis of the conditions that lead to successful use of and thereby benefits from the Web for small businesses. Based on the innovation adoption, organizations, and information systems (IS) implementation literature, we identify a set of variables that are related to adoption, use, and benefits of information technology (IT), with particular emphasis on small businesses. These variables are reflective of an organization's contextual characteristics, its IT infrastructure, Web use, and Web benefits. Since the extant research does not suggest a single theoretical model for Web use and benefits in the context of small businesses, we adopt a modeling approach and explore the relationships between “context‐IT‐use‐benefit” (CIUB) through three models—partial‐mediator, reduced partial‐mediator, and mediator. These models posit that the extent of Web use by small businesses and the associated benefits are driven by organizations’ contextual characteristics and their IT infrastructure. They differ in the endogeneity/exogeneity of the extent of IT sophistication, and in the direct/mediated effects of organizational context. We examine whether the relationships between variables identified in the literature hold within the context of these models using two samples of small businesses with national coverage, including various sizes, and representing several industry sectors. The results show that the evidence for patterns of relationships is similar across the two independent samples for two of these models. We highlight the relationships within the reduced partial‐mediator and mediator models for which conclusive evidence are given by both samples. Implications for small business managers and providers of Web‐based technologies are discussed.     

A Transaction‐Efficiency Analysis of an Internet Retailing Supply Chain in the Music CD Industry*

The emergence of the Internet may have fundamentally altered the mechanisms underlying information exchanges between sellers and end consumers. However, little attention has been given to the impact these mechanisms have on the efficiency of supply chain operations. This paper begins to address this deficiency in the literature by evaluating supply chain transaction efficiency effects from Internet purchases by consumers. It develops and empirically tests a theoretical framework examining the role Internet purchases have in establishing transaction‐efficiency levels in product exchanges involving sellers, placed at different supply chain echelons, and consumers. The theoretical framework integrates the transaction‐cost and internet economics, inter‐organizational information systems, and supply chain management literatures. Empirical testing, via structural equation modeling, is based on archival data in the Internet music CD market. The results show that Internet‐mediated purchases by consumers allow for greater transaction efficiencies when inventory ownership is postponed farther upstream in the supply chain and supply chain echelons are disintermediated. The results also indicate that channel structure configuration, defined by the supply chains' Internet retailing echelon, moderates these transaction efficiency effects.