Repeated Games with Private Monitoring: Two Players

We investigate two‐player infinitely repeated games where the discount factor is less than but close to unity. Monitoring is private and players cannot communicate. We require no condition concerning the accuracy of players' monitoring technology. We show the folk theorem for the prisoners' dilemma with conditional independence. We also investigate more general games where players' private signals are correlated only through an unobservable macro shock. We show that efficiency is sustainable for generic private signal structures when the size of the set of private signals is sufficiently large. Finally, we show that cartel collusion is sustainable in price‐setting duopoly.     

中、韩企业投资税收扶持制度的比较

企业投资左右着一个国家经济的成长。现在,韩国企业的国内投资明显减少已成为迫在眉睫的问题。本文将以影响企业(设备)投资的各种因素中的税收和税收扶持制度为中心进行研究。本文认为,虽然税收和税收扶持制度不是企业在决定投资地点时的重要因素,但分析在日趋白热化的东北亚地区的竞争中,韩国和中国的税收和税收扶持制度在投资时所起的作用却也不无意义。     

Tax morale and fairness in conflict an experiment

Most people pay their taxes most of the time, even if the expected disutility from enforcement is too low to deter tax evasion. One potential reason is tax morale and, more specifically, rule following. In a lab experiment, we show that the willingness to pay taxes just because participants are told they are supposed to pay is indeed pronounced. Yet compliance is reduced if participants learn that income is heterogeneous. The effect is driven by participants with the lowest income. The reduction obtains irrespective of the tax regime. If the tax is proportional to income, or progressive, participants become more skeptical about the willingness of participants with high income to comply.     

Transfer from expatriate to local contracts: a multiple case study of an unexpected career transition

The transfer of company-assigned expatriate employees from balance sheet expatriate contracts to local contracts is an alternative international assignment compensation strategy increasingly adopted by global corporations. Despite its growing popularity, there is a significant lack of research on the impact (both professional and personal) of transferring employees from expatriate to local contracts. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate this emerging international HR trend, with specific focus on exploring the experiences of career transition of company-assigned long-term expatriates (delayed localization) to local contracts at multinational organizations located in Sweden and America. Eight individual cases were analyzed. Findings revealed that localization was an unexpected career transition, a negative type of career shock, characterized by limited support from employers, mentors, and local colleagues. The findings further indicated that localization was a type of career transition rather different from other previous career transitions experienced by participants; it represented a major career and life transition. Based on the findings, we proposed HRD interventions to assist expatriates during the transition from expatriate to local contracts. Areas for future research are also suggested.     

进一步落实和完善促进中小企业发展的税收政策法规

中小企业是促进我国经济社会平稳健康发展的重要有生力量,但当前中小企业大多面临成本高、用工难、融资难问题,为此要进一步完善促进中小企业发展的税收等政策环境,积极鼓励帮助企业合理合法地用好国家的各项优惠扶持政策,从而更好地促进中小企业发展,发挥中小企业在促进我国经济转型中的重要作用。     

税收伦理问题初探

税收伦理是现代伦理学研究的一块尚待开垦的处女地,其研究的紧迫性、必要性和重要性生不必赘言。它既是税收治理面临税收法定主义、税收相对主义、税收技术主义现实挑战的催生,也是伦理学和税收学学科发展的必然要求。税收伦理是指征纳行为事实如何的规律以及应该如何的规范,其当代使命在于寻找和发现优良的税收治理道德规范,为税收治理奠定坚实的道德基础;其基本问题在于探求税收活动中征纳行为事实如何的客观规律,社会制定税收道德的终极目的,进而制定优良的税收治理道德原则和规范。税收伦理的道德原则和规范是：税收公正、税收平等和人道,而诚信是税收治理最重要的道德规则。     

Can strategic uncertainty help deter tax evasion? An experiment on auditing rules

This paper adds to the economic-psychological research on tax compliance by experimentally testing a simple auditing rule that induces strategic uncertainty among taxpayers. Under this rule, termed the bounded rule, taxpayers are informed of the maximum number of audits by a tax authority, so that the audit probability depends on the joint decisions among the taxpayers. We compare the bounded rule to the widely studied flat-rate rule, where taxpayers are informed that they will be audited with a constant probability. The experimental evidence shows that, as theoretically predicted, the bounded rule induces the same level of compliance as the flat-rate rule when strategic uncertainty is low, and a higher level of compliance when strategic uncertainty is high. The bounded rule also induces distinctive tax evasion dynamics compared to the flat-rate rule. The results suggest that increasing the level of strategic uncertainty among taxpayers could be an effective device to deter tax evasion.     

A measuring instrument to evaluate e-service quality in a revenue authority setting

Tax revenue forms the backbone of any economy. The quality of the e-services provided by a revenue authority is therefore crucial, as e-service quality directly influences the burden of complying with tax obligations, and hence affects the tax compliance climate in a country. The aim of the study is the development of a measuring instrument that encapsulates the ‘lens of a tax practitioner’ in an e-service revenue authority setting. In order to develop a conceptual framework, an in-depth, qualitative approach was used to identify a comprehensive range of service attributes and dimensions that potentially drive e-service quality in the revenue authority setting. This framework is then compared with other relevant service quality models to derive at a proposed e-service quality-measuring instrument. Findings from this study may advance the understanding and the management of the e-service quality of the e-services in a revenue authority setting.     

上海市税收收入与经济增长的相关分析

本文采用动态计量经济学研究方法,运用虚拟变量和广义最小二乘模型,以上海市1949--2005年的数据为样本．对上海市税收收入与经济增长相关性进行实证分析表明,上海市经济增长与税收收入增长基本协调,但是,在上海市经济高速增长的同时,也存在着税收超常增长的态势。这一方面说明税务部门征收管理工作的进步,另一方面也说明税源结构并不合理。为此,应继续加强征收工作;优化产业布局;建立高效税源管理体系。     

The 9th grade shock and the high school dropout crisis

Retrospective questions on educational attainment in national surveys and censuses tend to over-estimate high school graduation rates by 15-20% points relative to administrative records. Administrative data on educational enrollment are, however, only available at the aggregate level (state, school district, and school levels) and the recording of inter-school transfers are generally incomplete. With access to linked individual-level administrative records from a very large “West Coast metropolitan school district” we track patterns of high school attrition and on-time high school graduation of individual students. Even with adjustments for the omission of out-of-district transfers (estimates of omission are presented), the results of this study show that failure in high school, as indexed by retention and attrition, are almost as common as on-time high school graduation. In addition to the usual risk factors of disadvantaged background, we find that the “9th grade shock”—an unpredicted decline in academic performance upon entering high school—is a key mechanism behind the continuing crisis of high school attrition.