多边贸易体制下的发展命题:方向、路径和关键点

目前多哈回合表现出的根本矛盾是多边约束的对称性与承受能力的不平衡性之间的冲突。这一冲突并不新鲜,但此轮回合体现得更加明显。必须提供充分的理由或创新的模式才能说服多方共同努力。发展中国家开始强调,WTO的价值要体现在对发展中国家的要求的具体响应和平衡贸易收益的机制建设上,WTO应当从根本理念上进行变革。关键点包括农业问题、服务贸易问题、工业品贸易问题和特殊与差别待遇问题等。而解决路径则包括各议题下更实质的倾斜和相应的分组设定适用条件。WTO将不再只是各发展中国家解决发展问题的外在影响力量,它的方向应当是成为全球平衡发展的协调力量之一。     

试论撒切尔政府的英国工会改革

20世纪70年代末,英国工会由于被赋予过多的法律保护,出现某种工会特权,紧张的劳资关系成为推行撒切尔革命的巨大障碍。在1975—1979年,保守党在野时期并没有为将来执政制定完善的反工会政策。80年代,撒切尔政府以新自由主义思想家哈耶克的反工会思想为指导,在实践中不断摸索,采取谨慎的"渐进战略",通过一系列工会立法,打击和削弱工会势力,使英国劳资关系发生实质性的变化。     

WTO争端解决机制与突破绿色贸易壁垒

绿色贸易壁垒是在20世纪80年代兴起的一种非关税壁垒形式,其表现形式是进口国通过严格的环保标准和其他措施,阻碍国外商品进入本国市场,构成实质性的贸易障碍。发展中国家由于经济及生产技术水平较低,容易受到其制约或限制,因而引发贸易争端。WTO争端解决机制所具有的严密的程序性、较高的透明度和公平性,将有助于发展中国家突破绿色贸易壁垒。当然,这种积极性作用也因WTO争端解决机制本身的某些缺陷而不能完全发挥。     

Book Reviews

This article examines some difficulties associated with the Haynes–Stone model and attempts to clarify how the model can be justified as representing the hypothesis that “quantity is demand determined and price is supply determined.” It also argues that the applications of such a model as was done by Haynes and Stone might not have resolved the controversies related to the Phillips curve and the supply function of exports (or imports).     

To Leave an Area After Disaster: How Evacuees from the WTC Buildings Left the WTC Area Following the Attacks

How people leave a devastated area after a disaster is critical to understanding their ability to cope with risks they face while evacuating. Knowledge of their needs for communications about these risks is particularly crucial in planning for emergency responses. A convenience sample of 1,444 persons who survived the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 were surveyed to ascertain their initial and ultimate destinations once they had left the buildings, how they arrived there, the role of types of obstacles they encountered, and the need for information and the seeking of other people as potential factors in influencing the process of leaving immediately. This survey was part of a larger, original survey. Results showed differences in how people traveled by mode to initial and ultimate destinations, how immediately they left the area, and factors associated with when they left. How they traveled and when they left were associated with where people lived, their tendency in times of stress to seek out other people including who they knew in the immediate area (e.g., co‐workers or friends), the physical conditions surrounding them, and the importance to some of waiting for more information. Many people indicated they did not leave immediately because they had no information about where to go or what services would be available to them. Perceptions and communications about risks they were facing were reflected in the choices they considered in how and when to leave the area. These findings have numerous ramifications for understanding and guiding personal behavior in catastrophic situations.     

中国农业在加入WTO后面临的主要问题及对策

中国加入WTO后 ,农业将是受到冲击最大的行业之一。中国农业的发展条件、生产力水平与主要发达国家和一部分发展中国家还有一定的差距。因此 ,针对中国农业的现状 ,分析加入WTO后面临的主要问题 ,并提出中国农业发展的基本对策 ,很有必要     

Effects of Remanufacturable Product Design on Market Segmentation and the Environment

Despite documented benefits of remanufacturing, many manufacturers have yet to embrace the idea of tapping into remanufactured‐goods markets. In this article, we explore this dichotomy and analyze the effect of remanufacturable product design on market segmentation and product and trade‐in prices by studying a two‐stage profit‐maximization problem in which a price‐setting manufacturer can choose whether or not to open a remanufactured‐goods market for its product. Our results suggest that it is optimal for a manufacturer to design a remanufacturable product when the value‐added from remanufacturing is relatively high but product durability is relatively low and innovation is nominal. In addition, we find that entering a remanufactured‐goods market in and of itself does not necessarily translate into environmental friendliness. On the one hand, the optimal trade‐in program could result in low return and/or remanufacturing rates. On the other hand, a low price for remanufactured products could attract higher demand and thereby potentially result in more damage to the environment. Meanwhile, external restrictions imposed on total greenhouse gas emissions draw criticism in their own right because they risk stifling growth or reducing overall consumer welfare. Given these trade‐offs, we therefore develop and compare several measures of environmental efficiency and conclude that emissions per revenue can serve as the best proxy for emissions as a metric for measuring overall environmental stewardship.     

FTA 背景下新西兰对中国农产品出口增长分析

根据UN Comtrade数据库中贸易数据,采用恒定市场份额模型,对1997—2012年期间新西兰向中国农产品出口增长的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,中国进口需求的增长是新西兰对中国农产品出口大幅增长的主要原因。在中国－新西兰自由贸易区建立后,增长效应对出口增长的带动作用明显减弱,商品效应和整体竞争效应贡献率有所回升,表明中国－新西兰自贸区建立后新西兰向中国出口的农产品结构有所优化,且在中国市场的整体竞争力提高;不同种类的农产品影响新西兰向中国出口农产品贸易额增长的因素有一定差异。     

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”的挑战与应对

上海自贸区外商投资“负面清单”管理模式的提出,有利于我国外商投资规则逐步与国际通行规则接轨,也将开启我国改革开放新的篇章。本文从宏观监管措施和产业开放两个层面,分析了“负面清单”面临的主要挑战和应对措施。初步结论为:宏观监管层面,政府应该逐步让位于市场,减少政府的审批事项,加快落实从事前监管向事中、事后监管的转变;另外,消除隐形壁垒,自贸区内给予外商企业真正的“准入前国民待遇”。产业开放层面,上海自贸区的产业开放应以金融业的开放先试先行;其次,联合天津和广东等新批准设立的自贸区,在各自成熟且有优势的行业破冰改革,为我国下一步的改革开放提供更为完备的可复制、可推广的经验。     

要素分工与中国开放战略的选择

经济全球化的发展是国际分工不断深化的必然结果。经济全球化发展到当代出现了许多新的特征,其内在动因是当代国际分工形式正在从产品分工向要素分工发展。在要素分工环境中,决定现在和未来中国在国际分工交换中所获利益的,不再取决于进口什么、出口什么,而是参与了什么层次的国际分工,是以什么样的要素、什么层次的要素参与国际分工,对整个价值链的控制能力有多少。中国必须适应要素分工的发展环境,确定合适的发展战略。