明清社会近代转型及转型障碍

文章重点论述明清社会转型的研究范式和明清社会近代转型开始的标志与时间,同时讨论明清社会近代转型的要素、过程、表现和障碍。认为从明代隆庆年间开始,以＂边禁＂＂海禁＂＂银禁＂等三禁开放为标志的中国传统社会近代转型进程已正式开启。至少江南区域社会已经出现从农业社会向早期工业化社会转型;从自给半自给的产品经济社会向商品经济和市场经济社会转型;从封闭半封闭社会向开放社会和全球化社会转型的趋势。但整个转型在清代曲折迂回,端在障碍众多,其关键原因来自于当时内外环境的特殊性和农牧社会整合的缓慢性。     

Social Policy and Development in Latin America: The Long View

In the new development strategy currently shaping Latin America, alternative social policy models have emerged. This article argues that far from being rival alternatives, each of these models considers the wide differences among countries. The region is emerging from a century of transformation – from a traditional agrarian economy to an urban industrial one – in which countries have taken diverse historical paths. Some have almost completed this transformation, others are taking early steps, and the vast majority are living through it. State‐led transition has followed two successive development strategies. From the 1920s up to the 1980s, state developmentalism has mostly successfully assumed the twin challenges of economic and social progress. In the last two decades of the century, Latin American states adopted the policies of the Washington Consensus, which emphasized the importance of business in the framework of globalization and benefited the affluent few. However, an unambiguous shift in direction has been taking place in Latin America since the 1997 economic crisis. This article suggests that a new developmental welfare state model seems to be in the making. How will it evolve over the wider space of an increasingly integrated Latin America?     

中国人口红利和人口负债的特色与应对策略

人口红利与人口负债是人口转变过程中人口年龄结构对经济发展造成的正面与负面效应,通过与其他国家人口红利与人口负债进行比较,进一步认识中国人口红利与人口负债的特色,并提出了开发人口红利与应对人口负债的策略,应在调整产业结构、建立人力资源市场体系、加强培训、调整教育结构、完善社会保障制度和劳动退休制度等方面做好工作。     

Parenting Stress Among Adolescent Mothers in the Transition to Adulthood

This study assessed the existence and nature of parenting stress among 187 adolescent mothers over a period of two and one half years across their eldest child's preschool years. Although the majority of mothers did not report elevated levels of stress, approximately thirty percent of the sample reported clinically high levels of stress at any one of the six measurement points. Criticism from a parent regarding their childrearing and intimate partner violence were both found to be related to perceptions of parenting stress. Implications for practice, including the use of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) as a clinical screening tool, are noted.     

社会转型期我国政府自利性的原因与对策

政府不仅具有阶级性和公共性的特征，而且具有自利性的特征。政府的自利性是客观存在的，任何避之不谈的行为不仅不能掩盖自利性中的负面问题，反而使问题得不到解决。本文本着客观理性的科学态度分析了转型期我国政府自利性的原因，并提出了制约政府不合理自利性的对策。     

Using primary and secondary stakeholders to define facility-to-community transition needs for adjudicated youth with disabilities

Stakeholder participation, specifically the primary beneficiary, enhances evaluation results by increasing the overall validity of the evaluative measure. This article provides an example of how the addition of adjudicated youth, the primary beneficiary, as a stakeholder group in a needs assessment provided additional information important for program development of a multi-agency transition program. The needs assessment consisted of five regional community forums comprised of youth correctional facility and community-based service providers (n=127), as secondary stakeholders. A nominal group process was completed defining both supports and barriers to the development of the service delivery model. Additionally, qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted on adjudicated youth (n=33) to describe their perception of the barriers and supports necessary for a successful transition from either a youth correctional facility or off of probation. Both groups identified and ranked the top 12 supports and barriers. Common themes emerged from both groups with substantive differences providing information that helped shape the program service delivery model to accommodate needs of both the adjudicated youth and secondary stakeholder participants. Implications for the development of the service delivery model are described.     

The Impact of Adoption on the New Parents' Marriage

ABSTRACT

This literature review examines the effect of adoption on the new parents' marriage. There are many factors in common with the transition to biological parenthood. A general decline in marital satisfaction is related to the partners' ability to balance marital and parental roles, to expectations about the division of housework and child care, and to time demands. Adoptive parents' marriages are also affected by infertility and its investigation. Adoption, especially of older children, adds further strains, including differing responses to the child's acting-out behavior. Social support, including parent relief, can enhance a marriage. The paper also discusses needed research and implications for practice.     

流域水环境保护的市场型协调机制:策略及评价

流域水权交易、流域政府间生态补偿、排污收费与排污权交易、污水处理设施民营化等策略选择或是采取了产权自由化的设计,或是表现出对竞争机制的倚重,又或是将两者相结合,最终它们均可以增进流域政府间协调,减少流域水资源消费负外部性现象.也正是在这一意义上,可以将它们全部归为一种流域水环境治理的市场型协调机制.此种协调机制对于增进流域合作治理,更深刻的意涵则在于,由市场发挥对水资源乃至其他各类资源配置的基础性作用,才能真正减少和规范流域政府行政权力的活动范围,进而抵制其纵容辖区流域水资源消费负外部性的地方保护行为,最终促进流域政府间横向协调和对负外部性的联合治理.     

Monitoring and evaluating transition and sustainability of donor-funded programs: Reflections on the Avahan experience

PurposeIn low and middle-income countries, programs funded and implemented by international donors frequently transition to local funding and management, yet such processes are rarely evaluated. We reflect upon experience evaluating the transition of a large scale HIV/AIDS prevention program in India, known as Avahan, in order to draw lessons about transition evaluation approaches and implementation challenges.ResultsIn terms of conceptualizing the transition theory, the evaluation team identified tensions between the idea of institutionalizing key features of the Avahan program, and ensuring program flexibility to promote sustainability. The transition was planned in three rounds allowing for adaptations to transition intervention and program design during the transition period. The assessment team found it important to track these changes in order to understand which strategies and contextual features supported transition. A mixed methods evaluation was employed, combining semi-structured surveys of transitioning entities (conducted pre and post transition), with longitudinal case studies. Qualitative data helped explain quantitative findings. Measures of transition readiness appeared robust, but we were uncertain of the robustness of institutionalization measures. Finally, challenges to the implementation of such an evaluation are discussed.ConclusionsGiven the scarceness of transition evaluations, the lessons from this evaluation may have widespread relevance.     

都市回族社会结构的范式问题探讨--以北京回族社区的结构变迁为例

回族是中国城市化程度最高的少数民族.关于都市回族的研究成果已经很多,但多数都是零散的个案描述和具体问题分析,缺乏理论范式的建构和探索.本文将以北京回族社区的结构变迁为个案,探讨具有更为普遍性的中国都市回族社会结构的范式问题,即传统都市回族社区是以怎样的社会结构得以存在和延续的?这种社会结构已经和正在发生怎样的变迁?