Developing trust: First impressions and experience

Using the repeated Trust Game, we investigated how first impressions and experience affect trusting dispositions, beliefs, and behaviors. As in previous research, trusting beliefs and trust-related behaviors were greater at the start of the game for partners with trustworthy faces; and higher later in the game for partners who reciprocated. Three additional findings extended beyond the previous research. First, by measuring the discrete components of trusting beliefs rather than an umbrella “trustworthiness” measure, we confirmed that first impressions and experience influence judgments of competence, benevolence, and integrity. Moreover, we found suggestive evidence that perceptions of benevolence and integrity updated more quickly with experience than perceptions of competence. Second, by looking at trusting beliefs at the start of two consecutive repeated Trust Games, we found that judgments of competence, benevolence, and integrity continue to be influenced by trustworthy facial appearances, even after previous beliefs based on facial appearances were disconfirmed. Third, we found increased investment with a partner at the start of a second repeated Trust Game, even when participants expected their partners to betray them. Overall, our results clarify our understanding of how first impressions and experience influence trusting beliefs; provides evidence that changes in the repeated Trust Game represents learning about a specific partner rather than revisions of trusting dispositions; and highlights important distinctions between trusting beliefs and trust-related behaviors.     

Trust responsiveness. On the dynamics of fiduciary interactions

Trust and trustworthiness are key elements, both at the micro and macro level, in sustaining the working of modern economies and their institutions. However, despite its centrality, trust continues to be considered as a “conceptual bumblebee”, it works in practice but not in theory. In particular, its behavioural rationale still represents a puzzle for traditional rational choice theory and game theory. In this paper “trust responsiveness”, an alternative explanatory principle that can account for trustful and trustworthy behaviour, is proposed. Such principle assumes that people can be motivated to behave trustworthily by trustful actions. The paper discusses the philosophical roots, the historical development, as well as the relational nature of this principle as well as its theoretical implications.     

关于在我国信托法中增设“社会保障基金投资信托”一章的建议——对存在于这一章中的重要规定及其内容的构想

被增设于我国信托法中的"社会保障基金投资信托"一章应当规定:社会保障基金为具有公益性质的事业单位法人且社会保障基金投资信托以这种基金为委托人与受益人,这种信托的投资对象限于股票与金融资产,有资格担任这种信托的受托人的人限于信托投资公司与基金管理公司,这种信托的有关当事人负有分散投资义务与确保投资收益不低于法定的最低收益率的义务,对这种信托的国家监督适用存在于其他法律中的关于社会保障基金投资的国家监督制度。     

Organization–public relationships: An exploration of the Sundre Petroleum Operators Group

This study explored the organization–public relationship (OPR) within the context of the Sundre Petroleum Operators Group (SPOG) and the local community in Sundre, Alberta, Canada. A qualitative orientation was adopted because of the case study's focus on the individual experience of the relationship and the interest was to explore how the relationship was perceived by the people involved. Key relational elements such as trust, transparency, dialogue, control mutuality, commitment and satisfaction were examined in relation to the importance for relationship building and maintenance. In-depth interviews were conducted with both SPOG industry and community members (N = 18). The results indicated that after a crisis transparency was critical for rebuilding trust which was the foundation for the development of the industry–community relationship. Other relational elements were also considered important for maintaining healthy OPRs, but were considered secondary in relation to trust.     

The impact of negotiated exchange on trust and trustworthiness

Negotiated exchanges and trust problems can be regarded as two different forms of exchange, the former representing exchanges with negotiation and binding contracts, the latter representing asymmetric transactions in which one actor has the opportunity to deceive the other. Both forms of exchange have been extensively studied, but the two respective research traditions exhibit very little overlap. In this paper, we investigate the effects of negotiated exchanges in different network structures on the development of mutual trust. We derive hypotheses from various theories and test them by means of an experiment in which subjects first undertake a series of negotiated exchanges under different power conditions, and then face a trust problem with one of the actors that have been involved in the previous exchanges. The trust problem is operationalized by means of the Investment Game which allows us to look separately at trust and trustworthiness. Our results demonstrate that negotiated exchanges increase mutual trust, but not trustworthiness.     

The impact of organizational culture and leadership performance on PR professionals’ job satisfaction: Testing the joint mediating effects of engagement and trust

The study examines the impact of critical organizational factors (organizational culture and excellent leader performance) on public relations professionals’ overall job satisfaction by focusing on testing the joint mediating effects work engagement and trust could generate. A national online survey of 838 public relations professionals working in a variety of organizations was used as the empirical data to test the relationships in a proposed conceptual model. Results confirmed the strong impact organizational culture and leader performance could have on public relations professionals’ work engagement, trust, and job satisfaction. More importantly, results revealed the significant joint mediating effects of engagement and trust on professionals’ job satisfaction, when supportive organizational culture and excellent leader performance were achieved. The study concludes with research and practical implications.     

Development and validation of the Legitimate Monitoring and Control Questionnaire (LMCQ)

In this paper, we present the multidimensional Legitimate Monitoring and Control Questionnaire (LMCQ), which is based on social-exchange and institutional theory. Our aim was to develop and validate a widely applicable leadership inventory that accounts for comparable criterion variance as transformational leadership. While transformational leadership scales emphasize charismatic or visionary behavior, the basis for the LMCQ is the belief that perceptions of control legitimacy are essential and lead to high-quality social-exchange relationships between supervisors and subordinates. To build the dimensions comprising the LMCQ, an exploratory study (study 1, 38 respondents) was conducted to investigate which kinds of socioemotional benefits actually drive subordinates' perceptions of control legitimacy. The interview data were used to compile an initial item pool that was condensed as a subsequent step (study 2, 494 respondents). Lastly, the resulting measurement instrument representing six dimensions of legitimacy-enhancing supervisory behavior was validated (study 3, 936 respondents).     

A chain game for distributed trading and negotiation

This position paper introduces a simulation gaming environment for enacting a production network. The environment aims to be an integrative laboratory for investigating supply networks, as well as being a versatile training tool. The primary focus is on food production networks. The environment enables a number of teams of participants, each representing one actor in a food chain, to conduct business together. The teams can have the role of auction, co-operation, wholesaler, factory, retail chain, and retail outlet. Producers and consumers are either enacted or simulated. The game leaders freely determine the products and production methods in each run of the game. The gaming environment takes performance, process and institutional aspects of chains into account. It is particularly suited for investigating issues of sustainability and trust. Currently the gaming environment is under development. The paper presents version 1B. This version can be found at http://www.chaingame.org. It runs on the Web, enabling to model distributed chains.     

医患信任程度测量量表研究进展

开发具有信度和效度的医患信任量表可为测量医患信任程度提供科学工具。基于测量维度,国外医患信任量表的研究大致经历了四个阶段,从借用“人际信任”量表到 Anderson 等开发的医患信任量表,之后测量主体趋向多元化,建构起医疗信任系统中的内容框架图,使之逐步趋于完善;国内对医患信任量表的研究处于起步阶段,现有量表开发多借鉴国外研究框架。基于测量对象,学界对医患信任量表的研究经历了患者视角、医方视角、普通公众视角的转换。国外医患信任量表研究虽较为成熟,但缺乏对量表信度和效度的科学完整检验;国内相关研究尚处于探索阶段,缺乏定量研究和实证分析。未来的医患信任测量研究需致力于扩展医患信任研究层面、完善医患信任测量维度、关注医患信任动态机制等方面。     

英国国民信托在环境保护中的作用及其对我国的借鉴意义

英国国民信托是一个以保护自然环境和历史文化环境为最终目标的、跨国界的民间慈善组织,其会员规模目前已经超过340万人,对保护英国乃至其他国家的自然环境和历史文化环境起到了非常重要的作用.这一成就主要来自于该组织特色鲜明的各种政策:"为了永久性保护而实行的财产收购"、"募捐与市场经营相结合"、"广泛参与与充分合作"、"以保护为重点、保护与开发相结合"和"全方位的保护"等.在这些经验的启示下,我国在开展民间环保运动方面应积极营造良好的政策环境,整合各地民间环保资源;适时制定国民环保信托法,引导民间环保信托组织的发展;激发全民参与意识,提高环保认同度等;实施全方位环保政策,保护与开发相结合.