中国知识型失业基本原因分析

当下中国知识型失业凸显了体制转型的失谐,其成因套用西方就业理论解释显得捉襟见肘;而仅仅归因于政府社会保障、就业服务等制度缺失或归因于高等教育、社会中介、社会观念等因素也显得差强人意,它们虽重要但非主要.影响中国知识型失业的主要的变量,一是劳动用工制度或就业市场体制;二是工业化战略中的产业结构和产业链因素.前者属于生产...     

失业成因新探

现代西方经济学的几种失业理论,从不同角度在不同程度上解释了失业现象,但大多对造成失业的因素分析不足.作者通过对消费者行为和厂商行为进行模型分析,用消费者效用最大化和厂商利润最大化分别导出有效劳动力供给方程和需求方程,从而说明失业是如何决定的.失业是一种经济现象,它是劳动力总供给不能被生产完全吸收的结果,由有效劳动力供给和有效劳动力需求两种力量共同决定.劳动力总供给、政府津贴、工资、消费是有效劳动供给形成的因素.劳动力总供给、工资、政府津贴、消费、资本投入和技术是决定有效劳动力需求的主要因素.     

西方就业与失业问题的理论政策及其借鉴

本文分析了西方就业与失业理论政策的产生与发展。在这些理论与政策的指导下 ,从 2 0世纪30年代开始 ,西方各国政府把促进就业作为经济和社会政策的主要目标 ,并根据经济发展中失业的特点 ,运用多种政策手段 ,有针对性地对付各种类型的失业 ,以降低失业率 ,实现充分就业。我国在二元经济结构转换和经济体制改革过程中 ,出现了严峻的就业压力。应借鉴各国经验 ,根据我国国情 ,制定积极的就业政策 ,促进就业。     

从FDI的走势看中国未来引资政策的选择

近十几年来,外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment)由南向北移动、主要集中在以上海为龙头的长江三角洲地带,而不是从东向西移动,从而使中国东西部差距进一步拉大。根据邓宁的国际生产折衷理论,外商在中国的直接投资走向,将会带来中国在未来二十年发展机遇期的区位优势、区域差距和失业等问题。中国在招商引资中实行区域性优惠政策是不明智的,客观结果事与愿违,政策措施达不到预期效果。     

Unemployment among Mexican immigrant men in the United States, 2003–2012

Based on their socioeconomic characteristics, Mexican immigrant men should have very high unemployment. More than half do not have a high school diploma. One in four works in construction; at the height of the recent recession, 20% of construction workers were unemployed. Yet their unemployment rates are similar to those of native-born white men. After controlling for education and occupation, Mexican immigrant men have lower probabilities of unemployment than native-born white men – both before and during the recent recession. I consider explanations based on eligibility for unemployment benefits, out-migrant selection for unemployment, and employer preferences for Mexican immigrant labor.     

发展中国家促进就业的做法及其借鉴

失业是发展中国家面临的共同难题。针对日趋严重的就业问题,发展中国家采取了多种财政经济措施以缓解就业压力。发展中国家促进就业的做法及经验,对于我国缓解就业压力具有特别重要的借鉴意义。在经济结构调整时期,必须通过保持适度的经济增长速度、建立市场导向就业机制、大力促进非正规就业、对劳动力供给进行必要的调控、加大人力资本投资力度等途径以促进就业。     

Spell incidence, spell duration and the measurement of unemployment

The proportion of the population out of work is an unsatisfactory measure of unemployment because it is indifferent to the way in which a given amount of unemployment time is distributed across the population. This paper offers a new way of measuring unemployment which takes account of both the frequency and duration of unemployment spells. The proposed unemployment index may be interpreted as the ‘welfare equivalent’ period of unemployment, and decomposes into the product of three components: a spell incidence factor, a duration factor, and the average unemployment rate.     

Unemployment duration and the measurement of unemployment

We propose a framework in which the welfare bases of various unemployment measures available in the literature can be analyzed and a decomposition of these measures can be made into aggregate unemployment and the concentration of its distribution. A set of axioms for an unemployment measure is then introduced, which relate to the sensitivity of an unemployment measure to the inequality in the distribution of the unemployment. An unemployment measure is derived on the basis of these axioms that captures the distributional considerations in the measurement of unemployment.      

A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health

Abstract

The key features which influence mental health both in jobs and unemployment are brought together within a single perspective. Three principal axes of affective well-being are identified as warranting investigation, and it is suggested that nine environmental features are of primary importance. The impact of these features on mental health is viewed as analogous to the influence of vitamins on physical health, with an explicit non-linearity in the relationship. This ‘vitamin model’ is extended to permit examination of individual differences (for example, in terms of baseline values and specific matching characteristics), and empirical evidence is summarized. It is concluded from previous research that job features do not interact synergistically in relation to employee well-being, although this possibility may not yet have been adequately tested. The framework is suggested to be adequately comprehensive, but, as is the case with other models, it requires development in respect of the specific mechanisms operating between environmental features and mental health.     

Psychologically and biochemically assessed stress in a follow-up study of long-term unemployed

Abstract

It has been suggested that psychological stress is one of the reasons for the high morbidity among unemployed people in Western countries. The same may apply to the well-documented high mortality. It would be expected that increased levels of biological stress would be found in these people. In the present study a sample of 310 long-term unemployed people from Norway was followed for 2 years. Psychologcal stress was assessed by medical examination and by the psychometric tests GHQ-28 and HSCL-30, the latter compared with a reference population of employed people. Serum levels of cortisol, prolactin and testosterone, together with immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM, were compared with working controls. The unemployed had a high level of psychological distress at the first examination, the sanie for men and women. At the 2-year follow up distress was reduced by re-employment. This fits the ‘causation hypothesis' which explains the high distress level as caused by unemployment. The other direction of causation, ‘the selection hypothesis', assuming that distressed persons have an increased chance of continuous unemployment, was also confirmed in the present study. As for biological stress, significant differences were not found between the unemployment, the re-employed and the working controls.