论"合会"的信任机制

作为国家正规金融组织之外的民间非正规金融互助组织——"合会",在乡土社会中发挥了重要的经济和社会功能。尽管缺乏国家正规金融制度的外在监控,但由于其成员结构不仅蕴含着亲缘性利他的社会生物学基础,而且,乡土社会所具有的"熟人社会"和"不流动性"的结构特征与传统社会的价值观等多位一体,构成了坚实的特殊信任,形成了具有本土化特色的信任文化。     

论我国农村合作组织发展中的政府支持界限

政府支持界限和角色定位对农村合作组织发展产生重要的影响。目前我国地方政府对农村合作组织的支持存在支配型、引导型、不支持型等三种类型,这三种支持界限的类型都导致了我国农村合作组织的发展呈现出诸多的问题。我国地方政府在农村合作组织发展的中应“进退”并举：政府应逐步从农村合作组织的内部管理中退出;在政策性领域政府的行动力度和范围要继续扩大;建立统一、规范、竞争、有序的市场体系。     

农民专业合作社：助推现代农业发展与农民增收的“发动机”——即墨市发展农民专业合作社的调查与思考

发达地区和国际成功经验表明,合作社发展越完善,该国或该地区的农业现代化程度就越高、产业化实力就越强。其服务全面化、系统化,合作多样化、规模化,经营专业化、区域化,中介作用充分发挥的经验具有很好的借鉴意义。即墨市农民专业合作社经过近些年的发展虽已形成管理民主化,农民组织程度高;经营专业化,产品竞争力强;服务标准化,农民收入多的特点,但进一步发展还面临许多困难和问题。为此,应尽快制定农民专业合作社发展规划,加大资金和政策扶持力度,加强指导和监管,鼓励和扶持合作社走品牌化之路,提高规模化、产业化经营水平,促进合作社向联合经营和集团化转型升级,从而助推现代农业发展。     

农民合作社对农业可持续发展的作用机理

农民合作社对农业可持续发展的作用机理为：通过扩散科技成果,提供根本动力;通过优化生态环境,提供自然根基;通过完善双层经营,提供制度支撑;通过聚合农民参与,提供群众基础;通过传导政府调控,提供必要保障;通过增加农民收入,提供资金来源。     

农民专业合作社对特色农产品品牌建设的作用

实施品牌战略是提高特色农产品的市场竞争力最有效的途径,具有十分重要的战略意义和现实意义。由于生产规模限制品牌的创建、农业标准化低、品牌主体缺失等因素,造成了当前我国特色农产品品牌建设中品牌档次不高、市场影响力不明显等问题。农民专业合作社在奠定特色农产品品牌形成的物质基础、形象识别,推广实施农业标准化以及保护品牌方面发挥重要作用。     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

婚姻市场、农业剩余与光棍分布--一个理解农村光棍问题的中观机制

在婚姻市场渗透下,中西部农村家庭继替具有市场参与性特征：婚姻市场竞争过程形塑出以竞争力为指标的婚姻梯队序列,在优势梯队实现的家庭继替具有向上社会流动的特征,梯队末端则呈现为底层沦陷;农村男性青年在婚姻梯队序列所处的位置取决于其家庭的资源积聚方式、能力和分配方式。调查发现末端梯队集中分布于农业剩余稀薄村庄,其内在机理是农业剩余稀薄通过形塑家庭劳动力的不合理配置与以年轻人为主体的资源积聚方式和向家庭日常生活基本需要进行倾斜的资源分配方式削弱了男性青年的婚姻市场竞争力,其现象表征是扎堆分布的光棍。     

我国农业剩余劳动力出路的若干思考

我国农村城镇化进程缓慢 ,滞后了第三产业的发展 ,在很大程度上也阻碍了农业劳动力向非农产业的转移 ,而且今后一段时间我国农村劳动力的绝对量会大幅度增加 ,这就使得农村的就业问题显得尤为突出。大力推行农业产业化 ,实现农产品的多层次增值和劳动力的多渠道就业 ,同时大力开发小城镇 ,扩大第三产业规模 ,是促使农业剩余劳动力实现产业和空间转移的途径     

农林开发项目环境影响评价的探讨

我国生态形势十分严峻,水产品的污染、水土流失和土地沙化威胁着国家生态安全。农林类开发项目的环境影响评价问题日益重视。阐述了某些农林类开发项目的污染特点及水、大气、固体废弃物、土壤、生态、风险、景观、安全等环境影响评价内容,提出了相应的评价指标,并提出图像法、森林生态系统健康评价法在景观评价中的应用。     

黑龙江省大宗农产品市场化问题思考

大宗农产品市场化是制约黑龙江省农业发展的关键性问题,也是提升黑龙江省农业竞争力的核心问题。推进黑龙江省大宗农产品市场化,应以增加农民收入为目标,以组织体系建设为支撑,充分发挥农业的比较优势,利用现代经营方式和经营理念,培育出有区域特色、有市场竞争力的优质产品。