A Weighted Least Squares Approach to Levene's Test of Homogeneity of Variance

In 1960 Levene suggested a potentially robust test of homogeneity of variance based on an ordinary least squares analysis of variance of the absolute values of mean-based residuals. Levene's test has since been shown to have inflated levels of significance when based on the F-distribution, and tests a hypothesis other than homogeneity of variance when treatments are unequally replicated, but the incorrect formulation is now standard output in several statistical packages. This paper develops a weighted least squares analysis of variance of the absolute values of both mean-based and median-based residuals. It shows how to adjust the residuals so that tests using the F -statistic focus on homogeneity of variance for both balanced and unbalanced designs. It shows how to modify the F -statistics currently produced by statistical packages so that the distribution of the resultant test statistic is closer to an F-distribution than is currently the case. The weighted least squares approach also produces component mean squares that are unbiased irrespective of which variable is used in Levene's test. To complete this aspect of the investigation the paper derives exact second-order moments of the component sums of squares used in the calculation of the mean-based test statistic. It shows that, for large samples, both ordinary and weighted least squares test statistics are equivalent; however they are over-dispersed compared to an F variable.     

西方现代发展观的困境与出路

现代社会,人们在尽情享受发展所带来的丰盛宴席的同时,却不自觉迷失到这种发展观及其实践设定的困境之中。虽然伴随工业革命的现代化进程,人类创造了一个个关于发展的神话,但是在西方发展理论支配下,发展日益凸显出一系列带有全球性、人类性的问题与困境,西方发展观的价值危机与伦理危机也进一步地暴露出来,人类中心主义、消费享乐主义、发展至上主义与技术乐观主义的西方现代发展观念已使发展本身处于它的内在矛盾之中。本文旨在从价值和伦理的角度揭示西方现代发展的危机所在,并指出解决西方现代发展危机的唯一出路是建立一种新的发展观—一种以人类生存为基础的有约束、有节制、有评价、有规范的发展观。     

2006年北京地区大学应届毕业生职业价值观调查研究

本研究旨在考察当代大学毕业生的择业意向与职业价值观。本研究以2006年北京地区大学应届毕业生为研究对象,使用自编的问卷调查了北京25所大学的425名应届毕业生。调查结果揭示,当代大学生看重的职业价值观呈现8因子的结构模型,同时本文探讨了影响大学生择业的因素,并以此为基础考察我国青年学生择业标准的变迁及其原因。最后,根据调查结果对学校、政府和企业提出了建议。     

论社会进步及其评价尺度

马克思的唯物史观告诉我们,社会进步是人类社会发展的必然趋势,但是,由于社会发展过程的复杂性,对于具体的历史事件作用,就存在着评价问题。社会进步的评价尺度其实就蕴含在社会进步的内涵当中。由于社会进步可以归结为生产力水平的提高与人的自由与解放,这两项内容就应当成为社会进步的衡量标准。生产力水平的提高与人的自由与解放的统一也就是马克思主义的历史尺度与价值尺度的统一,这是马克思主义在社会进步评价问题上的重要原则。     

新乡贤助推乡村振兴战略实现的路径研究

乡村振兴重在“人才振兴”,只有解决好了人的问题,乡村才能真正振兴,因而推动各类人才尤其是吸引新乡贤参与家乡各项事业发展,成为实现乡村振兴战略的客观要求。新乡贤作为实现乡村振兴战略的重要力量,在全面推进乡村振兴过程中对产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴和组织振兴等都发挥着积极作用,但在实践中暴露出一些突出问题,诸如对新乡贤认识定位不清晰、缺乏情感沟通、实践渠道受阻以及权益保障不到位等。为此,需要通过多种舆论宣传确保新乡贤“时刻挂念家乡”、加强日常情感联系推动新乡贤“经常回来走走”和注重多措并举鼓励支持新乡贤“共谋家乡发展”等实施路径,来不断提升新乡贤在乡村振兴中的工作实效性。     

价值观对中美贸易谈判的影响

价值观是文化的核心。中美两国在价值观上存在差异,这些差异在某种程度上影响着中美两国贸易谈判中双方谈判代表的决策权限、谈判风格、对待合同以及对待长短利益的不同态度。培养和提高文化认知能力与跨文化情感能力,有利于缩短中美贸易谈判的差距,从而取得良好的经济效益。     

社会主义核心价值观下的当代大学生人格教育

我国正处在经济、社会全面转型的关键时期,各种思想观念、文化意识深刻碰撞、交融,对大学生的思想意识形成强烈冲击。成长需要价值导航,必须在培育社会主义核心价值观的实践中提升大学生健全人格。根据大学生人格教育现状,提出大学生人格教育只有以社会主义核心价值观为引领,才能培养大学生的现代人格。     

Attenuating Initial Beliefs: Increasing the Acceptance of Anthropogenic Climate Change Information by Reflecting on Values

Anthropogenic climate change information tends to be interpreted against the backdrop of initial environmental beliefs, which can lead to some people being resistant toward the information. In this article (N = 88), we examined whether self‐affirmation via reflection on personally important values could attenuate the impact of initial beliefs on the acceptance of anthropogenic climate change evidence. Our findings showed that initial beliefs about the human impact on ecological stability influenced the acceptance of information only among nonaffirmed participants. Self‐affirmed participants who were initially resistant toward the information showed stronger beliefs in the existence of climate change risks and greater acknowledgment that individual efficacy has a role to play in reducing climate change risks than did their nonaffirmed counterparts.     

The Ethical Challenges of Socially Responsible Science

Social responsibility is an essential part of the responsible conduct of research that presents difficult ethical questions for scientists. Recognizing one’s social responsibilities as a scientist is an important first step toward exercising social responsibility, but it is only the beginning, since scientists may confront difficult value questions when deciding how to act responsibly. Ethical dilemmas related to socially responsible science fall into at least three basic categories: 1) dilemmas related to problem selection, 2) dilemmas related to publication and data sharing, and 3) dilemmas related to engaging society. In responding to these dilemmas, scientists must decide how to balance their social responsibilities against other professional commitments and how to avoid compromising their objectivity. In this article, we will examine the philosophical and ethical basis of social responsibility in science, discuss some of the ethical dilemmas related to exercising social responsibility, and make five recommendations to help scientists deal with these issues.     

Anticipating modernity: the Jewish ‘welfare state’ in biblical and medieval times

The impact of religion on social policies and its role in the development, structuring and functioning of welfare states has only recently attracted significant attention. Studies of the relationship between religion and the welfare state have given little consideration to whether the religious precepts and values of the major religions, and the ways of life which they have shaped, are consistent with the idea of the welfare state. This paper shows that the elements of the definition of the modern welfare state were reflected in Jewish communal life as either prescribed by Jewish law (halakha) or lived during both ancient and medieval times, and that communal life was ‘welfare‐state‐like‘. In doing so this paper demonstrates that the idea of the welfare state is consistent with Judaism.